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    <title>Southwest Life</title>
    <category>Southwest Life</category>
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    <description>Stay informed with the latest breaking news, local stories, sports, business, weather, and community events from Durango, Southwest Colorado, and the Four Corners region.</description>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/picket-wire-canyonlands-in-comanche-national-grassland/</link>
        <title>Picket Wire Canyonlands in Comanche National Grassland</title>
        <description>Beginning in the 1860s, Hispanic families moved north from Trinidad and followed the Purgatoire River towards the Arkansas River. Using local materials they built houses of stone and adobe. Sheds and corrals came from pinon trees. What began as an...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2026 05:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Beginning in the 1860s, Hispanic families moved north from Trinidad and followed the Purgatoire River towards the Arkansas River. Using local materials they built houses of stone and adobe. Sheds and corrals came from pinon trees. The Spanish Colonial empire ended along the Purgatoire River in southeast Colorado. This was the final frontier for poor Hispanic families, pobladores, who attempted subsistence farming, raising livestock, and building stone and adobe homes. This was “the ragged edge of Christendom” for northern New Mexican families.What began as an 1843 Spanish land grant of 4 million acres to Cornelio Vigil and Ceran Saint Vrain would become contested terrain as the land grant shrank to fewer than 98,000 acres after an 1860 court ruling. Private property for over 150 years, the shallow caprock canyon system, now known as the Picket Wire Canyonlands, became property of the U.S. Army, which later transferred it to the U.S. Forest Service to join the Comanche National Grasslands that now encompasses 440,000 acres.Almost all of that grassland is flat, dry shortgrass prairie and cholla cactus about 2.5 feet tall. Sources of water are rare to non-existent. Though the Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged farmers and settlement, the droughts of the 1920s, collapse of agricultural prices after World War I and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s forced farms to fail. Under the Secretary of Agriculture, the U.S. government bought marginal land back for an average of $4.40 an acre to create what would become national grasslands.Beginning in the 1860s, Hispanic families moved north from Trinidad and followed the Purgatoire River towards the Arkansas River. Using local materials they built houses of stone and adobe. Sheds and corrals came from pinon trees.The landscape is dull, monotonous, with no trees or shrubs of any kind, and only the occasional windmill and metal water tank to break a horizon line where sky meets dusty soil. It is uninteresting country. I know because I graduated from high school in Lamar, 20 miles from Kansas. Out on those high plains, every cottonwood tree was a cherished treasure, and only cottonwood groves or bosques offered shade from the relentless sun.“The boundaries of boyhood, as I knew them for a time, were that thin, distant line of horizon; and even that did not bound the dreams and the imagination,” wrote Hal Borland in his classic high plains memoir “High, Wide and Lonesome.” “Those who live with a far horizon in their boyhood are never again bound to a narrow area of life. They may bind themselves, but that is a different matter.”As a boy I got used to the high plains, but I longed for a different landscape. Once I could drive, I’m sure I crossed the Comanche National Grasslands south of Lamar and La Junta. Established by President John F. Kennedy in 1960, the grasslands did not look any different from anything else in such a flat, billiard table landscape. That’s changed now because of the U.S. Army and Fort Carson in Colorado Springs.The Picket Wire Canyonlands along the Purgatoire River became publicly accessible federal land in 1991 when the U.S. Army transferred previously private ranch property to the Comanche National Grasslands. The low canyons are biologically diverse compared to the immense flat grasslands above them.In the 1980s, the Army sought to expand its training ground for soldiers and for heavy equipment like tanks. Southern Colorado ranches were so large that the Army purchased 236,000 acres from only a dozen families in a V-shaped swath of land northeast of Trinidad known as the Pinon Canon Maneuver Site with the Purgatoire River as its eastern boundary. Because of intense resistance to the Army’s land expansion and because tanks do not do well sliding off canyon walls, the U.S. Army transferred the Purgatoire River Canyonlands to be added to the failed farms of the Comanche National Grasslands in 1991.Here was the topographical and ecological diversity I never knew growing up, because in my time in Lamar those canyons were private ranches. How amazing that in the southeastern corner of Colorado, private property with diverse geographical features, including one of the longest dinosaur track pathways in North America, has reverted to publicly accessible federal land. As part of adhering to federal laws such as the National Historic Preservation Act, the U.S. Forest Service, administrator of the Comanche National Grasslands, contracted for major archaeological studies. Researchers enjoyed examining sites with thousands of years of prehistory, and a vivid two and a half centuries of Hispano and Anglo pioneer settlement history.The Picket Wire Canyonlands along the Purgatoire River became publicly accessible federal land in 1991 when the U.S. Army transferred previously private ranch property to the Comanche National Grasslands. The low canyons are biologically diverse compared to the immense flat grasslands above them.Those researchers included Alan D. Reed and Jonathon C. Horn of Alpine Archaeological Consultants in Montrose. What they found, and what they wrote about in their cultural resource inventory, encapsulated a slice of little known Colorado history. Bonnie J. Clark began archaeological research in 2000 for her dissertation. She wrote an insightful book, “On the Edge of Purgatory: An Archaeology of Place in Hispanic Colorado.” She defines despoblado or “a vast area surrounding the core of Hispanic settlement that was unpopulated, but nevertheless considered Spanish, then Mexican, territory.”Clark and others investigated Hispanic home sites, some of which were never patented as private land. Instead, small groups of Hispano families moved north from Trinidad in the early 1860s and gradually settled tiny communities around plazas or shared spaces – just as in the San Luis Valley when brave family members ventured north from New Mexico looking for fresh grass for sheep, and river or creek bottoms for farming.Extended families settled at confluences where canyon creeks met the Purgatoire River. Centuries later, archaeology students tried to identify these unique Hispano cultural landscapes imbued with houses, sheds, corrals and gardens.The original Spanish name for the Purgatoire River was Rio de Las Animas Perdidas en Purgatorio or River of the Lost Souls in Purgatory. Anglos could not or would not pronounce the name correctly so it became known as the Picket Wire and adjacent lands are the Picket Wire Canyonlands.“One of the tools I most enjoy teaching my students is the concept of the cultural landscape,” Clark writes. “When recast as cultural landscape, the world around them is an artifact, a document written and rewritten by generations who came before. ... The landscape reveals a fascinating story about hope, power, and survival.”But those Hispano families lasted on the land less than a generation. As Texas cattlemen moved north because free range beckoned, hundreds of thousands of longhorn steers would push and pull and squeeze the small ranchers who, if they had title to their land, sold out to become sojourning laborers. Traditional Hispano family and communal land ownership did not mesh with individual property claims mandated by terms of the Homestead Act in 1862. If that cultural conflict was not enough, the blatant disregard of private property rights by huge cattle companies like Jones Cattle Co. and later the Prairie Cattle Co. ended opportunities for small family-based ranches.In Vogel Canyon, part of the Picket Wire Canyonlands, historic stone ruins include the Westbrook homestead from the 1930s. Many homesteaders failed. The federal government bought back marginal farm land for an average of $4.40 an acre.Dominance by Anglos even included place names. The original Spanish name for the slow-moving stream Rio de Las Animas Perdidas en Purgatorio, or River of the Lost Souls in Purgatory, became shortened to Rio Purgatorio. Anglos could not or would not pronounce it correctly, so it devolved to the sharper sounding Picket Wire River and hence Picket Wire Canyons. I had to go visit. With my pup Fiona, who is half Lab and a quarter Great Pyrenees and the perfect hiking dog, off we went in record-breaking March heat.In Vogel Canyon, part of the Picket Wire Canyonlands, historic stone ruins include the Westbrook homestead from the 1930s. Many homesteaders failed. The federal government bought back marginal farm land for an average of $4.40 an acre.We camped at the trailhead to Picket Wire Canyonlands and Withers Canyon, named after a foreman of the dominant Prairie Cattle Co. I’m not sure why he got a canyon named after him. He never got along with either his Hispano or Anglo neighbors, including the Irishman Eugene Rourke who had begun his own ranching empire. In early morning with only foot, bicycle and horse traffic allowed, I took one trail and then decided to simply route-find off the canyon rim. That’s when I discovered the cacti.Permanent springs at the bottom of Vogel Canyon provided a small oasis for wildlife and much needed water sources for livestock like cattle and sheep.The cholla I could see. Wearing hiking boots, slip sliding on loose rock and making strategic use of trekking poles, I began to realize that six or seven species of stubby barrel cacti, some no larger than a measuring cup, covered all the ground that wasn’t sharp rock. The southeast Colorado landscape did not resemble Utah’s beloved slickrock canyonlands. The terrain became complicated to navigate. As Fiona tried to step gingerly with few safe options in front of her, I realized we had to stay on trails.Above Vogel Canyon ruts from the Barlow & Sanderson Stageline, which ran between the towns of Las Animas and Trinidad and paralleled the Santa Fe Trail, can be found. In the canyon stone walled sheep corrals like these are all that remain of the Fagin & Brown sheep ranch.We returned to the two-track and followed the Purgatoire River south. Because of high temperatures, we left early. This was wild country with historic ruins scattered about and coyotes singing up the sun. My dog and I will have to go back and spend more time in that deceptively hidden canyon system now federal public land.Andrew Gulliford, an award-winning author and editor, is professor of history at Fort Lewis College. Reach him at andy@agulliford.com.Above Vogel Canyon ruts from the Barlow & Sanderson Stageline, which ran between the towns of Las Animas and Trinidad and paralleled the Santa Fe Trail, can be found. In the canyon stone walled sheep corrals like these are all that remain of the Fagin & Brown sheep ranch.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/remarkable-bumblebees-stir-up-a-buzz/</link>
        <title>Remarkable bumblebees stir up a buzz</title>
        <description>A bumblebee flies around lupine. Note the long tongue! (Courtesy of Kestrel Detweiler) Mary Grizzard First, though – a few basics. There are no generic bumblebees but rather over 250 unique species worldwide, with 14 recorded just in La Plata...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 08:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[A bumblebee flies around lupine. Note the long tongue! (Courtesy of Kestrel Detweiler) Nature abounds with astonishing surprises. If someone were to imagine a member of the animal kingdom that can be trained to pull on a string to obtain a reward or rolls around little wooden balls just for fun, a bumblebee probably wouldn’t be what comes to mind. And yet for a creature with a brain the size of a sesame seed, bumblebees are capable of some startling cognitive tasks.Mary GrizzardFirst, though – a few basics. There are no generic bumblebees but rather over 250 unique species worldwide, with 14 recorded just in La Plata County. Indeed, upon close inspection bumblebee species do look quite different from one another, sporting their own distinctive patterns of red, orange, yellow or black stripes on the thorax and abdomen. These conspicuous colors are like a flashing yellow light warning predators of a possible painful encounter. Fortunately, bumblebees seldom sting humans, usually doing so only when swatted or protecting their nests.Bumblebees are the only social bees native to North America, living in colonies and engaging in divisions of labor like their non-native European cousin the honeybee. Their homes and life cycles are wholly different, however.Bumblebees have small nests, housing as few as 50 to 1000 individuals compared to 20,000 to 80,000 for honeybees, and most are built underground, often in abandoned rodent burrows. Their brooding chambers are rather sloppy and disorganized affairs compared to the neatly compact, hexagonal cells that honeybees construct.Bumblebees forage for pollen and nectar in similar fashion to honeybees, but they don’t produce honey and only store enough nectar for a few days to tide them over during bad weather. Thus when winter arrives the entire colony dies, and only the newly hatched queens survive by burrowing underground, lowering their metabolic rate and living on their fat stores until spring.So back to those astonishing cognitive skills. In 2017, researchers from Queen Mary University of London did a series of experiments where bumblebees interacted with small wooden balls.In one, they trained the bees to roll balls into a “goal” to receive a reward of nectar, teaching them in effect to play “bee soccer.” (Leave it to the soccer-happy Brits!) But what really surprised the researchers was another experiment to learn whether untrained bumblebees would interact with the balls without receiving any kind of reward. They did, repeatedly, apparently just for play.Another experiment trained bumblebees to pull on a string for a nectar reward, and when this was done while untrained bees were watching, the novice bees quickly caught on and replicated the task.“Pollinators” has recently become a buzz word (pun intended!) and bumblebees are an integral member of the global pollinating community. Bumblebees fertilize billions of dollars worth of crops both in open fields and greenhouses. But like almost all pollinators, bumblebee populations are in decline.Loss of habitat, use of herbicides and insecticides, particularly neonicotinoids which linger in a plant’s tissues and cause long-term poisoning, have all taken a toll. The good news? We can help!Landscaping with a variety of plants (preferably native!) that bloom early-, mid-, and late-summer will help provide season-long pollen and nectar sources. Even just planting a couple of doorstep flower pots can help. Purchasing plants from nurseries that don’t use neonicotinoids is becoming increasingly easier to do. Many other ways to help can be found through the Xerces Society website at www.xerces.org/bumble-bees.They’re fuzzy, they’re cute, they hardly ever sting, they’re crucial for growing food crops, and they like soccer. What’s not to love? Linger a moment next time you’re near a cluster of flowers and reintroduce yourself to these buzzing little wonders of the natural world.Mary Grizzard is an amateur naturalist and volunteers with the San Juan Mountains Association. You can reach her at ladygriz55@gmail.com.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/say-hello-to-the-western-tanager/</link>
        <title>Say hello to the Western Tanager</title>
        <description>A male Western Tanager sits on a tree branch. (Courtesy of Mary Ann Bryant) Mary Grizzard Western Tanagers arrive in Southwest Colorado shortly after bears come out of hibernation, so setting out orange halves to attract them, as some websites...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 22 May 2026 06:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[A male Western Tanager sits on a tree branch. (Courtesy of Mary Ann Bryant) With their brilliant red faces and sunshine yellow bodies, Western Tanagers look like they belong in the tropics instead of the coniferous forests of the inter-mountain West. And in this case, looks aren’t deceiving. Western Tanagers actually are tropical songbirds. We like to think of them as Colorado birds – they’re often on the cover of Colorado birding guidebooks – but these gorgeous neotropical migrants spend most of their lives in Mexico and Central America, only coming to the Rockies for a brief interlude in summer to breed and raise their young.Mary GrizzardWestern Tanagers arrive in Southwest Colorado shortly after bears come out of hibernation, so setting out orange halves to attract them, as some websites suggest, isn’t a good practice in bear country. Providing a water source, however, particularly a low volume dripper, will often bring them to your home for baths and drinks, and what a breathtaking sight it is to look out the window and see these striking beauties lighting up the backyard.Males start to sing immediately upon their arrival in May as they stake out their breeding territories. They aren’t trying to attract a lady love – pairing off already happened back home in the tropics, or midway during their migration flight. Their songs are for cementing that bond and telling the other guys in the hood to back off.Some have compared the burry, sing-song quality of their vocalizations to that of the American robin – with a sore throat! I laughed at that description, but knowing this about them is actually very helpful for tracking them down in the woods, because Western Tanagers like to feed high in the forest canopy and can be easy to miss.Where do the males get that flaming red head? Western Tanagers are fruit eaters in their tropical homes, but they’re mostly insectivores here on their breeding grounds. One of their favorite foods is the highly destructive western spruce budworm, which is the caterpillar phase of the small brown and gray moth Choristoneura freemani.These caterpillars voraciously eat the leaf buds of several species of conifers, which contain the rare red pigment rhodoxanthin, and ornithologists believe that by consuming these caterpillars and other conifer bud-eating insects, the red pigment is passed along, similar to flamingoes obtaining their pink feathers by eating brine shrimp and crustaceans.Of course female Western Tanagers, with their subtle olive green plumage, also eat the caterpillars, but for some reason don’t metabolize rhodoxanthin into their feathers. Which is no doubt a good thing, as a brilliant red-headed female sitting atop a nest in an evergreen tree would be like a flashing neon sign pointing the way for nest predators.“A thing of beauty is a joy forever,” wrote English poet John Keats, and for that reason alone, these radiant songbirds are worthy of our care and protection. But they also provide vital services, such as keeping insect populations in check and helping disperse seeds in the fall when they return to eating berries.Migration is risky business, but there’s a few simple things we can all do to help ensure Western Tanagers keep returning to Colorado each spring. Check out the American Bird Conservancy’s “Bird-Friendly Living” at https://tinyurl.com/348cjfck to learn about their “Small Actions, Big Results” campaign. And next time you’re in the woods, remember to look up into the treetops when you hear that robin with a sore throat.Mary Grizzard is an amateur naturalist and volunteers with the San Juan Mountains Association. You can reach her at ladygriz55@gmail.com.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/u-s-sen-ben-nighthorse-campbells-successes/</link>
        <title>U.S. Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell’s successes</title>
        <description>Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, seen here in his eagle feather headdress, stands next to Southern Ute tribal member Kenny Frost at the dedication of the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site in April 2007. The site’s protection was a direct...</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 15:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=6F6EF425-4FFA-582D-9FA1-78C089FB250B&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, seen here in his eagle feather headdress, stands next to Southern Ute tribal member Kenny Frost at the dedication of the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site in April 2007. The site’s protection was a direct result of Campbell’s federal legislation. (Courtesy of Andrew Gulliford)Handsome and dedicated, the late U.S. Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell may be the only Colorado politician who switched major political parties and never lost an election. He was the only U.S. Senator we’ve ever had from La Plata County.He did not have an easy path to adulthood, but his patience, resilience and absolute determination saw him through innumerable challenges to become one of the top Native American politicians in American history. An Olympic judo competitor, Air Force veteran, art teacher, creative jeweler, horseman, truck driver, businessman and undefeatable politician, Campbell kept friends who were proud to know him and happy to tell me stories of his accomplishments and the causes he championed. The Senator died at home at the age of 92. His memorial service will be April 13 on what would have been his 93rd birthday.“He showed me that where you start does not determine where you finish. He transformed hardship into strength and obstacles into opportunity,” his daughter, Shanan Campbell, has written, adding, “He taught me that perseverance beats luck, that reinvention is courage, and that you never give up.”Beverly Rich of Silverton had numerous roles as secretary and chairman for the 59th District of the Democratic Party. Meeting at the La Plata County Fairgrounds in Durango years ago, delegates sought a candidate for Congressional office.“We were looking for someone to run as a Democrat for the 59th District,” Rich said.Campbell came by and offered to run.For decades, a small stone monument was the only visible testament to the location of the Sand Creek Massacre site, which Congress authorized at 12,683 acres. Now the site has grown to 6,503 acres managed by the National Park Service.ccaRich said, with a smile, “He was a very interesting person, but he had a ponytail. Here in Silverton the mines were still running. We have hardworking men and women in our district. We didn’t know if that ponytail would work.”But they decided to try it, and Campbell campaigned non-stop.“He knocked on every door in Silverton five times and all across the district,” Rich said. “He was a supporter of the common man. He had his own rough upbringing and pulled himself up by his bootstraps.”She hastens to add that Campbell and his wife, Linda, “were a true love” who functioned as a team.She also said Campbell “really did work for children’s well being.” Proof of that is the Campbell Family Center and day care facility on the Fort Lewis College Campus.“Ben had so much energy,” she said. “He was a charmer and always straightforward. We were pretty darn good friends over the years. Ben and I went out to lunch when he was in Silverton – always before the train came.”Dozens of Cheyenne and Arapaho tribal members came to Sand Creek in 2007 for its dedication as a national historic site. Some tribal members set up teepees in a grove of cottonwood trees and slept in them to honor their descendants.ccaShe said when Ben and Linda came to ride horses in the town’s Fourth of July parade, Rich held their daughter Shanan and son Colin’s hands. Constantly thinking of West Slope community needs, Campbell provided a legislative earmark of $60,000 to help with electrical work for the San Juan County Historical Society’s museum. He also personally gave the Blair Street Historic District Association $50,000 to help with improvements, including sidewalks, lighting and public bathrooms for Silverton’s thousands of summer tourists.Former Republican Congressman Scott McInnis of Grand Junction said Campbell’s “background was fascinating. He was a lot of fun. He put Native Americans as one of his top priorities.”McInnis and Campbell’s political careers neatly dovetailed, being elected the same year and retiring the same year. They worked together on numerous projects, including sponsorship of the Black Canyon and Great Sand Dunes to become national parks.“(Campbell) had all the magic and people loved him. Back then, there was not such a partisan divide. It was more of a rural/urban divide in Colorado, but Ben got votes from both sides,” McInnis said. “Ben’s heart was where the sun sets – in the rural areas. He helped us a lot politically across rural Colorado.”An exhibit of Ben Nighthorse Campbell jewelry premiered at the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Under curator Jeanne Brako, Fort Lewis College student interns from the Center of Southwest collected Campbell’s jewelry and prepared them for the exhibit installation. (Photo courtesy of the Center of Southwest Studies)ccaPart of that collaboration resulted in the Animas La Plata Project and the Lake Nighthorse reservoir, which is a name bestowed on the reservoir by Campbell’s friends in Congress.“Ben always stood his ground. We had a lot of great times together,” McInnis said. “We were so proud to work for Coloradans.”He told me Campbell had “thousands of sincere friends” and that he could “easily switch roles from U.S. Senator to gentleman rancher, to artistic jewelry maker.”For almost half a century, the Clark family from Toh-Atin Gallery worked with Campbell. In the Toh-Atin Newsletter, Antonia Clark referred to him as “a strong and principled leader and politician; a dedicated and determined Olympic competitor; an energetic and enthusiastic motorcyclist and horseman; a powerful advocate for Native Americans; and a trailblazer in the world of Native American jewelry for more than 50 years.”One of Ben Nighthorse Campbell’s signature pieces of art is this historic buffalo skull, which he covered in rare coral, jet black stones and vintage turquoise. The skull belongs to the Northern Cheyenne tribe at Lame Deer, Mont. (Courtesy of the Center of Southwest Studies)ccaCampbell supported the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Two decades ago over lunch in Durango, Linda and Shanan Campbell and I chatted about the forthcoming grand opening of the NMAI on the Mall. At the time, I was director of FLC’s Center of Southwest Studies. The three of us proposed a temporary exhibit of Nighthorse jewelry for the museum’s opening in 2004. Our crazy idea got approved with financial support from the Southern Ute Tribe. What an opportunity it was for Fort Lewis College’s Native students to track down Campbell’s jewelry, clean it, care for it, photograph it, catalog it and pack it for shipment to Washington. Students came for the grand opening as did Ute tribal members and many couples from Durango.We had a coveted space on the building’s second floor and the first gallery opening and private party in the new museum. Anyone who attended will never forget that night.Former Center of Southwest Studies curator Jeanne Brako, always the calm center in the middle of a curatorial storm while setting up an exhibit, said, “It was a true privilege to create an exhibition of Ben Nighthorse Campbell’s jewelry with Fort Lewis students and colleagues for the inaugural events at the National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian. Working with Ben, Linda, and Shanan on that project created lasting relationships.”The Center itself opened in a new building on campus in a January blizzard in 2001. It was an $8 million building with $8 million in collections, but there were still expensive additions required like basement movable shelving, a security system, an audio system for the main gallery and other professional materials.A variety of animal and anthropomorphic shapes decorate this Ben Nighthorse Campbell silver bolo tie from Sorrel Sky Gallery in Durango.ccaAt an event on campus. Campbell said to a large audience: “This is an important building with important opportunities for students. I’m going to see you receive another $1 million for supplies and programs.”I thought that was an incredibly generous gesture. A few days later one of the Campbell’s staff members called. He told me I should write up a statement on what the building needed.I asked, “How many pages?”He said, “About 100 words.”To this day, that’s the most valuable paragraph I’ve ever written.Dr. Cory Pillen, the current director of the Center of Southwest Studies, said: “We are honored to steward the Ben Nighthorse Campbell Papers in our archival collections. They provide an invaluable record of his public service, advocacy for Indigenous communities, and deep commitment to the cultural life of the Southwest.”But of all Campbell’s successes, and they would fill a comprehensive biography, his work to get the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site on Colorado’s eastern plains researched, described, identified, purchased and preserved by the National Park Service serves as a singular achievement.In the edited book “Preserving Western History,” Campbell wrote: “My intent is for this place to be a living memorial, like Gettysburg, to our intolerance of others. I believe that as Americans we are blessed with the courage to be able to honestly view our past, to be proud of our accomplishments and honest enough to admit and learn from our shortcomings.”He concluded with the moving words: “We must constantly find ways to be better human beings. Our ancestors and our children both demand this place become a memorial so the dead may rest.”Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell himself now rests with his Cheyenne ancestors. His memorial service will be at the Sky Ute Event Center in Ignacio at 1 p.m. April 13.Andrew Gulliford, an award-winning author and editor, is professor of history at Fort Lewis College. Reach him at andy@agulliford.com.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/whos-ready-to-garden/</link>
        <title>Who’s ready to garden?</title>
        <description>OK, a quick show of hands: How many of you are ready to get out there into the yard or garden? That’s what I thought. If we can’t ski without a snorkel, the least we can do is start planning...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 14:48:27 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[OK, a quick show of hands: How many of you are ready to get out there into the yard or garden? That’s what I thought. If we can’t ski without a snorkel, the least we can do is start planning our gardens.March is a perfect time to get out last year's notebook of what worked and what didn’t in the garden. … Oh sorry, what was that? You don’t have a notebook dedicated to your garden? Huh, no judgment, I promise, but I would love to encourage you to start now if you don’t already have one going. It is very common for farmers to track everything that goes into seed trays and what days planting begins. But it is just as valuable for home gardeners to keep track of the weather, the days you start seeds and get things in the ground.The biggest advantage, at least for me, is that my memory is not as great as I would like it to be, and while I can remember the blizzard of 1979 as if it were yesterday, I cannot tell you what the last day of frost was in 2025 without looking it up.Another advantage of keeping a gardening journal is how it can evolve over time. You might start by writing down just the dates, temperatures, number of seeds started, or the number of different types of tomatoes you plan to grow in a given season. What can happen is turning that laundry list of items into a proper field journal.What’s that, you ask? Well, I am so glad you did. A field journal is a fantastic resource for a lifetime of information around our observations and experiences in our environment. What I mean is that the field journals that I created over 20 years ago are still of interest to me when I am planning things in my farm spaces today. I have a record of the weather, but I also have a written log of where I was, what the bird song might have been and a hand-drawn picture of the first flower to emerge in the field. Sometimes, it's also a great chance to write down how you feel or think about the setting in which you find yourself at that moment in time.What I am getting at is having a record of our gardening or hiking experiences can provide us a valuable resource over time. That said, if you are interested in learning more about creating a real field journal – yes, there are actual techniques involved – I will be creating a class on field journals later this spring.Now that you are ready with pen and paper in hand, March is a great time to look at the trees in your yard, the possible plant stubble left from last fall and decide what your goals are for this coming growing season.Do you have the tools and ability to prune your trees? Are they fruit trees or a giant cottonwood? Take a look at the bark, is there anything different that you hadn’t noticed before, like the beginnings of a canker or more sap than you think looks normal? This is the time to either reach out to your local Extension specialist or favorite arborists to schedule a consultation to take care of those trees. March is a great time to prune those fruit trees after all.As for the ground, whether it’s a raised bed or flower pots, or a new plot in your yard that you want to turn into a garden space, this is when to dream up what would look good where, and if you have not yet ordered seeds or plants, keep your eye out for what your local grange, garden club, or extension office is doing this month, because we will all have seed sales throughout the month of March (that was not very subtle of me was it). I will be posting that information on all our social media platforms next week, so keep an eye out and support your friends and neighbors where possible.Lastly, have fun with your creativity! I love March and April, mostly because I haven’t messed anything up, I am not behind in my planting, weeding, watering, etc., or killed any plants yet. That will come later in July, August and September but that’s for another conversation.Heather Houk is the Horticulture and Agriculture specialist for the La Plata County Extension Office.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/gratitude-in-action-the-heart-of-4-h/</link>
        <title>Gratitude in action: The heart of 4-H</title>
        <description>In 4-H, we spend a lot of time teaching young people important life skills like leadership, responsibility, resilience and service. One value that naturally grows alongside those lessons is gratitude. Being thankful for what we have, and for the people...</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 25 Jan 2026 08:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=77F2F014-3254-5726-AB6C-9058101F8045&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[In 4-H, we spend a lot of time teaching young people important life skills like leadership, responsibility, resilience and service. One value that naturally grows alongside those lessons is gratitude.Being thankful for what we have, and for the people who make opportunities possible, helps young people recognize that success doesn’t happen alone. It teaches them to see and appreciate the support systems around them and to one day give that same support to others.Every workshop, camp, conference, show, jackpot and award celebration are made possible because of the incredible support from our community. Our volunteers give countless hours mentoring youths, sharing their time, love and expertise. Local businesses and individual donors give their hard-earned money so that programs remain accessible to families across our community. Parents and caregivers dedicate their time and energy to transportation, encouragement and cheering on youths through both successes and challenges. Community partners open their doors and share resources all because they believe in the mission of La Plata County 4-H and positive youth development.Because of this support, young people get opportunities they might not otherwise have. They learn how to care for animals, grow food, solve problems, speak in front of large crowds, manage responsibility, and travel the around the country and world. They discover new interests, build confidence and learn that they can do the hard things. These experiences stay with them and shape the way they approach school, work and their future life goals.4-H would not be the program it is today without the generosity and commitment of our community. It truly takes all of us working together to create safe, welcoming spaces where young people can learn, belong and thrive. Every donated hour, dollar, resource and word of encouragement makes a big difference in a young person’s life.I am deeply thankful for everyone who invests in our 4-H youths. Your time, kindness and belief in these young people creates opportunities that extend far beyond any single event or season. You are helping shape confident, capable and caring individuals who will carry these lessons forward into their families, careers and communities. On behalf of our 4-H families and staff membersv, thank you for making this program possible. I am truly grateful for each of you.If you are interested in supporting La Plata County 4-H financially, you can donate here: https://tinyurl.com/LPC4HDonation.Angela Fountain is the La Plata County 4-H youths development agent. She can be reached at afountain@lpcgov.org.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/what-polarization-tells-us-about-objects-outside-our-solar-system/</link>
        <title>What Polarization tells us about objects outside our solar system</title>
        <description>Everything we know about things outside of our solar system is from the light we receive. I am using the term “light” very broadly to include all types of electromagnetic radiation, since visible light is just a small part of...</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2026 13:00:58 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings stargazers.Everything we know about things outside of our solar system is from the light we receive. I am using the term “light” very broadly to include all types of electromagnetic radiation, since visible light is just a small part of the entire spectrum. From very long wavelength radio waves to very short wavelength gamma rays, they all share similar characteristics and travel at the same speed through the vacuum of space.Sometimes the light we receive from distant sources is polarized. There are no political connotations here – polarization simply means that the electric field components of one photon and the next are aligned in the same direction. A photon is the smallest possible packet of light. Polarized sunglasses let photons of just one orientation through and block those that happen to be perpendicular. If you have worn polarized sunglasses, you may have experienced the inability to read the numbers on a gas pump or see some computer monitors without turning your head just right. That is because light from those sources is polarized and your sunglasses preferentially block horizontally polarized light.You can also try going outside on a clear sunny day with some polarized sunglasses. The sky looks bright because light from the sun is scattered off molecules of air. The light scattered 90 degrees away from the sun is partially polarized. When you turn your head so your sunglasses are parallel to the polarized sky it will appear brighter. When you rotate your head so your sunglasses are perpendicular to the light, the sky appears darker.For a little background information, electromagnetic waves are called that because their energy is split evenly between an electric field component and a magnetic field component. Those fields are oscillating in directions perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction the light wave is traveling. This is like a water wave, where the surface of the water is moving up and down, while the wave itself is moving horizontally. The theory describing this phenomenon was developed by James Clerk Maxwell and is one of the greatest accomplishments of 19th century physics.When light is radiated from a thermal source, such as the surface of a star, the orientations of the electric fields between one photon and the next are completely random. When light hits and bounces off some material object like the surface of a lake, a grain of dust or a molecule of gas, there is a chance that some of the photons will have their electric fields aligned.Studying the polarization of the scattered or reflected light can give clues about the material that is doing the scattering. Other astronomical sources of polarized light can give information about interstellar magnetic fields.Useful linksPolarization in AstronomyJames Clerk MaxwellAstronomy picture of the dayAn Astronomer’s forecast for DurangoOld Fort Lewis ObservatoryThis monthThe January full moon was last weekend, so the next two weeks surrounding the new moon are the best for having an extra dark sky for stargazing. It is more important to be aware of the moon phase for stargazing during the winter than it is during other times of the year. This is because the full moon is higher now than at any other time of year. This makes sense because the full moon is directly opposite the sun, which is at its lowest point during the winter. And if we ever get a layer of snow on the ground this year, the reflected light can make the nighttime very bright indeed.Jupiter was at opposition Jan. 10, which was its closest approach to Earth this year. However, Jupiter is so far from the sun, that the difference between when it's extra close and extra far away is not typically noticeable. It will be due south and at its highest point in the sky at solar midnight, which is about 12:15 a.m. this month. The next three or four months will be the best time to look at Jupiter through a telescope.Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/the-camino-real-bernardo-gruber-and-the-jornada-del-muerto/</link>
        <title>The Camino Real, Bernardo Gruber and the Jornada Del Muerto</title>
        <description>Along the 1,700 miles of the Camino Real, the royal road from Mexico City to Santa Fe, one of the deadliest stretches was 90 miles of dry desert called the Jornada del Muerto or journey of the dead man named...</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 10 Jan 2026 16:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=CCAD90AA-E4F5-53F5-A98F-838D9E0E48D1&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Along the 1,700 miles of the Camino Real, the royal road from Mexico City to Santa Fe, one of the deadliest stretches was 90 miles of dry desert called the Jornada del Muerto or journey of the dead man named after the death and dismemberment of German trader Bernardo Gruber in 1670. Map drawn by 1st Lt. George M. Wheeler, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1881. (Courtesy of the New Mexico Office of Cultural Affairs)cca Most historic travel routes across the American West arced east to west, but one dramatic exception is the Camino Real or the supply line that stretched from Mexico City to Santa Fe roughly following the Rio Grande. One particularly dry segment earned the name Jornada del Muerto – or dead man’s journey. Even though it’s been 350 years, dead men still tell tales.Over the years, I’d heard versions of the story, but one October I set out to find the historical facts from the ground up. Passage through the Jornada was a life or death search for water and a constant lookout for swift-moving Apaches on horseback. Even today some of the place names in that Chihuahuan desert landscape include Massacre Gap and Apache Gap.El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail embraces northern Texas and most of central New Mexico. Modern maps have the trail following the Rio Grande as far north as Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo known by the Spanish as San Juan Pueblo.For centuries, trade had come to Santa Fe from the south in caravans of two-wheeled carts or carretas. Many of the traders simply walked alongside their burros and mules, and camped in parajes or campsites every 20 miles or so along the trail, hoping always for fresh grass and abundant water.Don Juan de Onate himself brought over 4,000 churros into New Mexico. This type of sheep became significant for Navajo peoples both for meat and wool. The tall wheels of the large freight wagons or carros came later, wheels 8-10 feet tall that could carry 12,000 pounds of cargo pulled by oxen or mules.Anthony CastelliNear what is now Elephant Butte Reservoir I drove past Ojo del Muerto and Laguna del Muerto. South of Engle, New Mexico, I passed Paraje del Aleman and finally found Jornada del Muerto trailheads on Bureau of Land Management National Conservation Land where I could literally walk into the past on the same ground traders had traversed. The faint outlines of their wooden wheels still could be seen on the landscape, especially on long clear north-south stretches.The German trader Bernardo Gruber, known as El Aleman, had been accused of witchcraft by the Spanish Inquisition in 1668 and jailed at a hacienda near Sandia Pueblo. His accusers forced him into a single room with a heavy wooden bar across an adobe window. He had come north from Sonora with 10 pack mules, 18 horses and a few oxen. His trade goods included “fine stockings, gloves, embroidered cloth, buckskins, and iron tools and weapons,” wrote Marc Simmons in Witchcraft of the Southwest.As Gruber’s livestock and trade goods slowly fell to thieves, and he wasted away in his single cell, he carefully loosened the bar on his window. Two years after being jailed, he escaped fleeing south. On horseback with four other horses and a faithful Apache servant, he came to the “forbidding desert” south of Socorro, New Mexico, between the caravan camp of Paraje de Fray Cristobal to the north and Paraje de Robledo to the south. After two days of thirst, Gruber lay sprawled in a small swatch of mesquite shade amid cholla cacti while his servant took a horse and a harquebus gun, and rode hard desperately seeking water.Finally returning with precious water, the servant found El Aleman gone. Weeks later, south bound traders found “a roan horse tied to a tree by a halter” – dead. The traders found “hair and remnants of clothing … the skull, three ribs, two long bones, and two other little bones which had been gnawed by animals.” Blown into bushes and partially covered by sand were pieces of Gruber’s torn clothing, a short coat of blue cloth and his scattered bones whitening in the desert heat. Perhaps this began the Hispanic custom of marking the place of one’s death by a cross, a descansos, as a warning to other travelers and mute testament to our short lives. The site became known as La Cruz (the cross) del Aleman.4.The El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail on BLM lands in Southern New Mexico is well interpreted with a variety of signs in Spanish and English to help tourists understand the landscape and the importance of this historic route in American history.ccaHe had died on the dusty trail vaingloriously named El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, or “Royal road of the interior,” along the earliest Euro-American trade route in what would become the United States. For more than 300 years and 1,700 miles, this frontier wagon road united Spanish colonial provinces. Slowly moving north at the pace of burros in a six-month one-way trip, the caravans brought Catholicism to Native villages as well as sheep, cattle, vegetables, fruit and the favorite of all – peaches.Experienced traders knew where to find water in desert drainages, and they sculpted earthen stock tanks to hold precious gallons. Riding north with the merciless sun beating down upon their left shoulders despite their broad brimmed straw hats, they clicked their rosary beads a mile or two in advance of water holes hoping against hope that they would find cattails, mud, and enough water for their stock and themselves, because on this long and dangerous 90-mile stretch, the Rio Grande lay to the west encased in rocky defiles and unreachable.Over centuries, thousands of people and animals took the Camino Real always in the face of wind, desperate to find and stay the trail or encontrando el sendero, for to lose the trail in a dust storm could mean losing one’s life. What did experienced travelers watch for? A broken line of mesquite bushes ahead of them and the proper shadows playing across the land where the path could be discerned in the fragile soils, at least until the next windstorm. The slight swales are still there. Rainwater pools in these gentle depressions. Because of a tiny bit of extra water and numerous droppings from pigs, mules, horses, sheep and cattle, there is a little more vegetation visible where the old route traversed the landscape. Each evening, the caravans sought grass, wood and water, but sometimes they found only dust and a frigid night of merciless stars.Point of Rocks in Sierra County, New Mexico, on BLM land, became a vital section of the El Camino Real. It was a landmark visible for miles and a favorite lookout for marauding Apaches who from this rocky hillside ambushed the large, slow-moving caravans.ccaWhen we think of history, we think of people and places. We visualize travel over distances, but we don’t think of sounds – the yells and cussing of the freighters choosing their favorite epithets in Spanish, or the “unearthly music” of the two-wheeled carretas or small carts as they jostled, bumped and bounced on the trail, their pine axles tightening in the heat and dust, and making “a siren sound which wakened the dead for five miles or more.”On the Jornada del Muerto, “people and draft animals literally walked out of their shoes.” Archaeologists have found dozens of horseshoe nails, boot nails, and from the last decades of the 19th century, cans, buttons, horse tack, coffee pots and innumerable busted bottles.By the 1830s, the Santa Fe Trail brought trade goods faster from Missouri than could arrive along the Camino Real. Spanish colonialism ended with Mexican independence in 1821, and as the royal road faded, American trade flourished. After the Mexican War of 1846-1848, New Mexico became American territory only to be fought over during the Civil War.A few key sections of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail are part of the Bureau of Land Management’s National Conservation Lands in southern New Mexico. This trail segment runs almost straight north. It shows a slight swale produced by thousands of livestock and wheels from small carts and large freight wagons. Hundreds of horseshoe nails as well as nails from worn out leather boots have been found along the route.ccaCivil War veteran John Martin returned to the Jornada del Muerto and the place where Bernardo Gruber’s cross had been erected. He dug a well, created a stagecoach stop and began a ranch known as el Aleman, which since the 1880s has been part of the Bar Cross Ranch. Dry, flat desert has little appeal, but history swirls around place names.The Jornada del Muerto remains a deadly landscape. Just to the northwest, beyond the Poison Hills and within view of the Oscura Mountains, before dawn July 16, 1945, American scientists detonated the world’s first atomic bomb at Trinity Site. Historians have described it as the day the sun rose twice.Point of Rocks in Sierra County, New Mexico, on BLM land, became a vital section of the El Camino Real. It was a landmark visible for miles and a favorite lookout for marauding Apaches who from this rocky hillside ambushed the large, slow-moving caravans.ccaFrom where he died, the German trader Bernardo Gruber could have seen the explosion. It would have blinded him. Since then we have all lived in the Atomic Age. We all face our own premature dead man’s journey. We live under a potential mushroom cloud.Excerpted from the forthcoming book Lonesome Landscapes: Stories from National Conservation Lands (University of Utah Press, 2026).Andrew Gulliford, an award-winning author and editor, is professor of history at Fort Lewis College. Reach him at andy@agulliford.com.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/getting-up-to-steam/</link>
        <title>Getting up to steam</title>
        <description>The 25th Anniversary of the Durango Railroad Historical Society</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 13 Dec 2025 14:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Even as mining in the San Juans slowed after World War II, the Durango Silverton train kept arriving as in this photo from 1947 of Engine No. 463 coming into the Silverton railroad depot. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)The 25th Anniversary of the Durango Railroad Historical SocietyIn 1994 an outdoor model railroad club formed in Durango named the San Juan Large Scalers. Many of the members retired to Durango to be close to the Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad and local railroad history. They saw how Hollywood had repainted and relettered steam locomotive D&RGW 315 in Santa Rita Park and decided it needed authentic paint. Little did the men know that over time they would have the old engine steaming down the rails once again.Silverton, Colorado, seen in its heyday in 1900. The railroad was a vital link connecting Silverton to the outside world. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)For those loyal volunteers, their enthusiasm for trains started with model railroads. In the 1950s young boys affectionately played with train sets. In our basement we had a complete Lionel train set laid out on plywood tables. I remember the set well because my older brother was always derailing my model trains when I least expected it. Our grandfather had been a railroad detective on the Great Northern Railroad, and I inherited his .38 Colt Police Positive pistol and his brown leather sap for tapping hobos behind the ear or on a knee.I love the 19th century sound of our local train in the morning when the whistle blows and excited passengers head north to Silverton. My Lionel train set is long gone, but I am sympathetic with railroad buffs who come to town “chasing trains” and who are a solid part of our tourist economy.Motivated by club member Tom Mosher, the San Juan Large Scalers set out to authenticate the paint scheme on retired steam engine No. 315. The engine had been used as a Hollywood prop and the 35-member club sought to restore the Baldwin engine to its 1940 appearance. Mosher died before the work could begin but his memorial service was held in Santa Rita Park adjacent to the engine he longed to repaint. There were many steps in the restoration process, including the creation of a new nonprofit the Durango Railroad Historical Society (DRHS) and support from local businesses.The outdoor model railroad club the San Juan Large Scalers evolved into the Durango Railroad Historical Society to first repaint and then to restore the 1895 Baldwin locomotive D&RGW No. 315. For Colorado ranchers, D&RGW stood for the nickname “Dangerous and Rough Going West.” (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)“The days of effort on the paint job gave club members the opportunity to take a better look at the engine’s overall condition. Some began to see it in a new light,” said past DRHS president George Niederauer.Locomotive 315 had sat in the park since 1950. Could the old girl run again? Who owned it? Was the boiler intact? What would restoration cost? No one knew. Jeff Jackson, senior vice president of the Durango & Silverton Railroad, had pledged support, and Jeff Ellingson had helped with the painting and lettering, but could the 315 run again? Could it be fired up to steam?Built in 1895 at the Baldwin Locomotive works in Philadelphia, No. 315 began its railroad life in Colorado as Florence & Cripple Creek Railroad locomotive No. 3 to haul passengers for the great Cripple Creek gold rush, which helped bring the United States out of the 1893 depression. Named the Elkton, it had silver and gold painted trim. A flood in 1912 caught the steam engine in the San Luis Valley and then it was stored in Canon City and later Colorado Springs. Purchased by the Denver & Rio Grande and refurbished, the engine then worked out of Alamosa.Volunteers with help from La Plata Electric Association remove a stack from Engine No. 315 that had been a Hollywood prop for the movie Around the World in 80 Days made near Durango on June 15, 2001. Originally planning to only repaint No. 315, instead the Durango Railroad Historical Society completely restored the vintage locomotive. The stack is now on the Emma Sweeney locomotive at Santa Rita Park. From left, Warren Griffith, Henry Nind, Art Sherwood, John Coker, Mike Marsicano, Jamie Wagner, Glen Deason, Lynn Daughtery, and Jim Granflaten. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)By the early 1920s the locomotive steamed out of Chama, New Mexico, and by 1924 it had been renumbered the Denver & Rio Grande Western 315. Serving as a helper engine, freight engine and switcher, the big engine puffed and steamed on the Rio Grande Southern Railroad around Durango, Montrose, Ouray and Telluride. The engine had more repair work done in Montrose, and by 1949, it had a new life in the Hollywood movie “Colorado Territory,” the first Hollywood feature film shot near Durango.The engine had been one of the largest narrow gauge locomotives in Southwest Colorado. It became outclassed by newer, more powerful steam engines, though during its active life it huffed and puffed twice as long as most engines. In 1950 Jackson Clark Sr. saved the 315 from the scrap heap with assistance from Durango’s Rotary Club and the city of Durango. The engine became the property of Durango’s Chamber of Commerce.In 2002, volunteers measured the thickness of No. 315’s boiler to see if the old Baldwin engine, originally built in 1895, could be made to safely run again. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)In 1956 the locomotive was used in the film “Around the World in 80 Days” and painted to look like the Colorado Pacific 60 Jupiter engine, but it was pushed from behind on tracks up the Animas River and no longer moved under its own steam. The movie-era paint job and artificial props inspired volunteers to return the old girl back to her working-class railroad roots. Part of the restoration was historical documentation and designation.In 2001 the Durango City Council placed 315 on Durango’s Register of Historic Places and later it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Restoration focused on how the locomotive looked in 1940. The long search began for missing and damaged parts, and replacement of rotting wood with new oak, Douglas fir and white ash for the cab. The Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden helped with spare parts. New patterns and castings for metal parts no longer in production were made by shops and foundries in the Denver and Longmont areas.“Removing several 2 and 5/8-inch diameter boiler bolts that hadn’t been touched in over 50 years proved a formidable task. Many cans of Liquid Wrench were applied to loosen the threads,” Niederauer said. “A pipe wrench with a 4-foot handle, a 6-foot ‘cheater’ pipe over the handle, and three guys pushing and pulling finally broke it loose.”Volunteers install rods on the large drive wheels of Engine No. 315. Once owned by the Durango Chamber of Commerce, after years of grant writing and restoration, Engine No. 315 is now owned by the Durango Railroad Historical Society. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)La Plata Electric Association staff members and one of their pole trucks helped to remove heavy parts, and the State Historical Fund approved a grant to evaluate the boiler. Was it cracked? Could it safely hold steam pressure? These were vital questions to answer. Even the Durango Fire Department got involved using its “Jaws of Life” to remove stubborn nuts.The DRHS worked seven seasons in all kinds of weather at Santa Rita Park plus one vital month in the Durango & Silverton roundhouse with their professional crew supervising a final tuneup. Larry Beam, D&S Roundhouse Foreman, said that starting the old engine up “actually went a little better than some I have done in the past. There are just a lot of unknowns until you steam it up and find problems.”A weary volunteer takes a short break while working on Engine No. 315, which had been housed at Santa Rita Park since 1950 when Jackson Clark Sr. helped save the locomotive from the scrap heap. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)Editor of Trains Magazine Jim Wrinn wrote that the restored 315 “responded when volunteers reawakened her. A miracle indeed!”But the DRHS did not just stop with putting No. 315 back on the track. They reconstructed 1,800 feet of the long gone Silverton Northern track working cooperatively with the San Juan County Historical Society in Silverton. Volunteers also helped to restore the two-stall Silverton Northern engine house. They’ve acquired and restored the 1949 full-size model locomotive Emma Sweeney now displayed at Santa Rita Park as well as rail cars, a boxcar, tool car, bunk car, cattle car, sheep car, refrigerator car and a flanger for moving heavy snow. Restoration was done by volunteers in the area and by contractors in Arboles and Silverton. They have two cars yet to restore; a Primos tank car and Silverton Railroad Baggage Car 5.Original volunteers and organizers for the Durango Railroad Historical Society pose on Engine No. 315 in the type of blue jean shirt customarily worn by railroaders. From left, Lynn Daugherty, Art Sherwood, Jim Granflaten and Fred Folk. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)In Silverton, the DRHS has worked with the county historical society to create the Railroad Outdoor Museum.“Everyone in the preservation world should be amazed and happy about the contributions of rail buffs,” said Silverton native Beverly Rich. “It has been a pleasure working with the DRHS, a group of passionate people who love the history of trains.”After thousands of volunteer hours working on Engine No. 315 at Santa Rita Park, a final tuneup and safety checks occur in the roundhouse of the Durango Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)Over the past 25 years the DRHS has raised and spent $2.4 million with 20% coming from the State Historical Fund. The small group of volunteers have “demonstrated our capacity to conceive, research, execute and complete complex and highly technical railroad restoration projects.”In 2007, Baldwin Engine No. 315 steamed into Silverton for the first time. The fully restored engine is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is a movable national landmark which is now owned by the Durango Railroad Historical Society and lately has been running on the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad between Chama and Antonito. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)Absolutely. Congratulations. When Santa comes to town this Christmas, he’ll probably be in the cab of old Engine No. 315.Jerry Hoffer works on the flanger at the Outdoor Railroad Museum in Silverton. (Courtesy of the Durango Railroad Historical Society)Andrew Gulliford is an award-winning author and editor and a professor of history at Fort Lewis College. He can be reached at gulliford_a@fortlewis.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/sjmas-trees-for-conservation-celebrates-13-years/</link>
        <title>SJMA’s Trees for Conservation celebrates 13 years</title>
        <description>San Juan Mountains Association&apos;s Christmas Trees for Conservation tree lot opens Nov. 28. (Courtesy SJMA) Many are familiar with the San Juan Mountains Association’s Christmas tree lot. We offer wild, locally sourced trees and wreaths – along with farmed trees...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2025 17:15:15 -0700</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=D558D8AD-451B-5719-8AE1-558C08AAC1B2&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[San Juan Mountains Association's Christmas Trees for Conservation tree lot opens Nov. 28. (Courtesy SJMA)Many are familiar with the San Juan Mountains Association’s Christmas tree lot. We offer wild, locally sourced trees and wreaths – along with farmed trees – to brighten your home for the holidays. But have you ever wondered how a local nonprofit decided this would be a great fundraiser? How did it start from meager beginnings to become a local holiday tradition?I remember first hearing the idea: “Would SJMA like to take over a well-known Christmas tree lot?” The longtime proprietors were moving on. One of SJMA’s staunch supporters, who always has one ear to the ground, saw great potential. We could run it as a fundraiser and call it “Christmas Trees for Conservation.”That was 2013, seven years before SJMA’s merger with Durango Nature Studies. At that time, SJMA had a small conservation education team that offered field trips on public lands and classroom presentations. There were two staff members and some devoted volunteers. Our education director’s salary was funded through grants and our federal public lands partners. The second educator was seemingly funded by serendipity. I was the second educator.The next thing I knew, we were deciding what to order. How could we sell farmed trees from Oregon and claim it as a fundraiser for conservation? So we supplemented from a farm near Montrose that offered a variety of Colorado-grown trees.We would also educate our festive buyers about each species. I suddenly knew a lot about Noble and Nordmann firs, Austrian and Scotch pines, and Colorado blue and Norway spruce. I made educational tags for each tree. We had 650 trees that first year and could do quite well if we sold every tree.However, there were overhead costs – as with any business. We were fortunate enough to inherit some tree racks. The lot was already fenced and lit. The original staunch supporter donated a couple of employees on a part-time basis.But we needed saws, shovels, tree stands, twine, festive hats, etc.A volunteer donated their camper trailer for storage. But the trailer did more than that! Our main employee – a seasonal Forest Service employee whose winter job in Antarctica had been thwarted by the October 2013 government shutdown – actually spent several nights in there.2013 was quite the experiment. Obviously, we decided it was worth it. It has grown into more than we ever imagined and is now mostly run by our volunteers who work tirelessly to raise more funds each holiday season.In 2016, we began incorporating more conservation and got even more local. With permission and guidance from the San Juan National Forest, we harvested 20 local white fir trees. These make lovely Christmas trees with their soft, upturned needles and pleasant smell. Yet as wild trees, they create a risk for potentially catastrophic wildfires.Many wildfires can be quite beneficial to the landscape. They burn at low intensity through shrubs and grasslands. But fire likes to go up. If fire meets with a mid-sized white fir, fire can climb that tree like a ladder and spread flames to the crowns of mature trees. Crown fires can spread faster and burn hotter.The 400 trees SJMA now harvests each year puts a small dent in area ladder fuels, but it does help. Plus, families can enjoy the beauty and sustainability of a local, wild tree.Local harvesting day is Nov. 22. We need you! More information can be found at tinyurl.com/SJMA-tree-harvest-2025. Want to volunteer at the tree lot? Those details are at tinyurl.com/SJMA-treelot-2025. Many thanks to this community for 13 years of a great local tradition! We look forward to seeing you soon. I can tell you even more stories of Christmases past.MK Thompson is the volunteer coordinator at the SJMA. See more of her writing at artofmisadventure.com.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/columnists/ive-got-a-corny-one-for-ya/</link>
        <title>I’ve got a Corny one for ya!</title>
        <description>According to the Colorado Climate Center, this October’s precipitation event produced over 500% our normal rain for a typical October, in only four days, no less. Also, since I am strangely aware that almost every horror movie has been running...</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 07:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[I don’t know how October has been for the rest of you, but this has been a rather odd month in our household. Wacky rainy days, that thankfully followed our no-till cover crop planting extravaganza, have produced the first signs of germination with the oddly warm days that followed. I even tasted a little Brassica dicotyledon the other day that tasted quite a bit like a radish. Very pleasing.According to the Colorado Climate Center, this October's precipitation event produced over 500% our normal rain for a typical October, in only four days, no less. Also, since I am strangely aware that almost every horror movie has been running this month, thanks to Halloween’s arrival, oh, and has anyone else seen the beginning of red and green holiday decorations going up? That just feels so odd to me as well.All this to say that October was weird, and that made me want to share weird things with you regarding corn. That’s right, I am focusing November’s column on the wild and wacky monocot, corn, aka Zea mays. Plus, it was also part of the reason I don’t like horror movies; seeing Children of the Corn as a teenager was traumatic.OK, here’s the fun stuff. Did you know that the origin of maize is a humble little wild grass in Mexico about 9,000 years ago? The grass was called teosinte, according to the University of New Mexico, and it’s hypothesized that it was first used for its stalk. The sugary stalks were fermented and converted into alcohol, much as sugar cane is today.It also had hard, tiny seeds that did not contribute much to the diet of the hunter-gatherers of the day. The domestication of the seeds came later and would have taken many generations of time to create what we know and love today.One of my favorite juicy kernels (yes, I did go there) is that modern-day corn is considered both a grain AND a fruit, and yet we typically classify it as a vegetable, so go figure. Oh, and it always has an even number of rows on each cob. Before you come for me with your popcorn maker, I swear I’m not making this up. Think about it, each kernel of corn is a seed living on the outside of the cob, like a wacky, elongated strawberry or raspberry, and they come in such a beautiful rainbow of colors.I have always enjoyed growing sweet corn, but it tends to be more diminutive than its sibling, field or dent corn, which is grown as a livestock feed and for ethanol and manufacturing. Did you know that field corn constitutes 99% of the corn grown in Iowa? I didn’t. I was entertained to learn that on the Iowa.gov website – they have many fun corn facts to share – but I am sure you already know that.I know this is a rather corny column this month, but it completely matches my mood as the weather changes, making me increasingly aware that summer is officially over and winter is minutes away.Recently, my husband and I flew back to Tennessee for the wedding of one of his nephews and had several fun conversations about various places we have lived around the South which got me thinking about how many times we had to get out of an area in a hurry because we came across an old still. Now, if you haven’t lived in the South, let me tell you that there are quite a few legal and non-legal corn mash stills out there in the backwoods of Appalachia. Corn was not the original moonshine ingredient, but early Scottish and Irish immigrants brought their skills with them and used the sugary goodness of the corn they found abundantly grown around the region to create their blinding concoctions. At least, that’s what I am told.So, no matter how you like your Zea, be it sweet, popped, fermented, or dented, just remember that wacky former tiny grass has been modified by thousands of farmers to create fun mazes to traverse that are often 8 feet tall. They also gave us one of the only monocots (single cotyledon leaf) seeds that can be a grain, fruit and vegetable all at the same time. So put that in your corncob pipe! Happy November.Heather Houk is the Horticulture and Agriculture specialist for the La Plata County Extension Office.]]></content:encoded>
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