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    <title>Good Earth</title>
    <category>Good Earth</category>
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    <description>Stay informed with the latest breaking news, local stories, sports, business, weather, and community events from Durango, Southwest Colorado, and the Four Corners region.</description>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/local-food-will-be-focus-of-green-business-roundtable/</link>
        <title>Local food will be focus of Green Business Roundtable</title>
        <description>Durango Herald file The public is invited. Participants are encouraged to register by 9 a.m. Monday at sanjuancitizens.org/gbr. Tickets are $15 in advance and $18 at the door. For more information, visit sanjuancitizens.org/gbr or email the San Juan Citizens Alliance...</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 03 Nov 2016 09:31:46 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Durango Herald file Sandhya Tillotson of The Garden Project of Southwest Colorado will give a presentation about the local Farm to School movement, community gardens in La Plata County and innovative programs addressing food security at the Green Business Roundtable from noon to 1 p.m. Wednesday at the Henry Strater Theater, 699 Main Ave. The public is invited. Participants are encouraged to register by 9 a.m. Monday at sanjuancitizens.org/gbr. Tickets are $15 in advance and $18 at the door. For more information, visit sanjuancitizens.org/gbr or email the San Juan Citizens Alliance at info@sanjuancitizens.org. Durango Herald file The public is invited. Participants are encouraged to register by 9 a.m. Monday at sanjuancitizens.org/gbr. Tickets are $15 in advance and $18 at the door. For more information, visit sanjuancitizens.org/gbr or email the San Juan Citizens Alliance at info@sanjuancitizens.org.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/durango-bird-club-to-meet-wednesday/</link>
        <title>Durango Bird Club to meet Wednesday</title>
        <description>Durango Herald file Lynn Wickersham will present a program about breeding ecology and the status of the gray vireo. She will also give an update about the new book Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas II, which will be available at Mariaâ€™s...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2016 10:30:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Durango Herald file The public is invited to the Durango Bird Club meeting at 5:30 p.m. Wednesday in the Florida Room at the La Plata County Fairgrounds, 2500 Main Ave. Lynn Wickersham will present a program about breeding ecology and the status of the gray vireo. She will also give an update about the new book Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas II, which will be available at Mariaâ€™s Bookshop starting Nov. 17. Durango Herald file Lynn Wickersham will present a program about breeding ecology and the status of the gray vireo. She will also give an update about the new book Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas II, which will be available at Mariaâ€™s Bookshop starting Nov. 17.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/csu-master-gardener-class-deadline-is-dec-31/</link>
        <title>CSU master gardener class deadline is Dec. 31</title>
        <description>Durango Herald file Students will receive training in tree care, vegetables, soils, native plants, water-wise gardening, pruning and much more. A variety of experts will teach the classes. The 12-week series starts Jan. 26 and will be held at the...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2016 10:26:56 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Durango Herald file The Colorado State University Extension Office in La Plata County is accepting applications for the 2017 Colorado Master Gardener program until Dec. 31. Students will receive training in tree care, vegetables, soils, native plants, water-wise gardening, pruning and much more. A variety of experts will teach the classes. The 12-week series starts Jan. 26 and will be held at the La Plata County Fairgrounds Thursdays from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. The cost is $170 if you intend to volunteer or $530 for a certificate without volunteer time. The training is equivalent to a four-credit course. For comparison, tuition for an in-state resident taking an undergraduate four-credit class is $1,729 at CSU, plus books and fees. Volunteers are expected to complete 50 hours of volunteer time in the first year and 24 hours in subsequent years. More information about the program and applications are available at www.laplataextension.org. Applications also can be picked up at the Extension Office, 2500 Main Ave.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/durango-nature-studies-offers-geology-workshop/</link>
        <title>Durango Nature Studies offers geology workshop</title>
        <description>The Durango Nature Center is open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.Courtesy of Durango Nature Studies Program facilitator Brooks Mitchell will discuss the geology of the Four Corners with an emphasis on the San Juan Mountains and the Nacimiento Formation...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2016 10:35:39 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Durango Nature Center is open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.Courtesy of Durango Nature Studies Durango Nature Studies will offer its Geology Rocks workshop from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Saturday at the Durango Nature Center, south of Durango. Program facilitator Brooks Mitchell will discuss the geology of the Four Corners with an emphasis on the San Juan Mountains and the Nacimiento Formation seen at the nature center. Participants will learn the basic principles of geology as well as how the regionâ€™s characteristic rocks, fossils and landforms were formed. All workshop participants receive free entry to the nature center, which is open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The workshop is free for members and $10 for nonmembers. To register email sally@durangonaturestudies.org, call 769-1800 or register online at www.durangonaturestudies.org/creditcard.htm. The Durango Nature Center is open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.Courtesy of Durango Nature Studies Program facilitator Brooks Mitchell will discuss the geology of the Four Corners with an emphasis on the San Juan Mountains and the Nacimiento Formation seen at the nature center. Participants will learn the basic principles of geology as well […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/plentiful-harvest-for-n-m-pinon-seed-seekers/</link>
        <title>Plentiful harvest for N.M. piñon seed-seekers</title>
        <description>Temperamental trees yield best crop since 2005</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2016 10:32:20 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Temperamental trees yield best crop since 2005 PECOS, N.M. (AP) – Mark Quintana gestures into the shady thicket of pine trees. His sons are in there somewhere, he says, along with a few of his cousins. Theirs is a familiar fall scene in northern New Mexico: Trucks parked on the roadside, tin cups and small buckets scattered beneath pine-needle boughs thick with brown cones. They’ve come for piñon. Quintana, an energetic man who’s a member of San Felipe Pueblo, displays a handful of chocolate-brown seeds, part of his morning haul. He’s hardly satisfied. “I’m gonna shoot till 5 o’clock,” he says, “and see how much I get.” Kneeling beneath the pine trees on a cool autumn morning takes Quintana back in time. He has lost both of his parents, with whom he first came out to collect piñon when he was 10 years old. He’s making the effort, he said, to pass on the tradition. That hasn’t been difficult this year. “You don’t have to look for them,” he said, gesturing again toward the bank of trees. “They’re all just right there.” Indeed, early scouting indicates a bull market for piñon in northern New Mexico. As the air cools and daylight hours shorten, the cones of piñon pine begin to open. In the right year, after a few frosty nights, the seeds within will loosen and fall to the ground, ready to be scooped up for salting and roasting. But the savvy New Mexican understands the seasonal change doesn’t necessarily bring fresh nuts. Veteran pickers provide differing estimates on the time between passable crops. Some say it’s every two years, some say four, others say seven. Unpredictable crop Anecdotal impressions are as reliable as anything else when it comes to piñon trends. The New Mexico Department of Agriculture does not keep records on the piñon harvest. But piñon has never been a commodity to be measured, sold and tracked. For many in New Mexico, as it was for their ancestors, piñon is essential to the fabric of the land, to a sense of time, place and home. David Cuneo, owner of Albuquerque-based New Mexico Piñon Nut Co., said dry conditions have a lot to do with years-long piñon gaps. Drought signals to the tree that energy would be better directed toward subsistence and away from reproduction, he said. And the crop can be even more inconsistent depending on geography and where rain has fallen. A picker might find plentiful cones in one pocket of trees, while drawing nothing but empties, or baños, in another around the corner. But Cuneo, who has been inspecting cones across the region in the past few weeks, said optimism is broadly warranted this fall. He rates this as the best piñon crop since 2005. “Everyone will be happy. Better size, less empties. I’ve been busting open cones. I know the percentages,” he said. Cuneo identifies a few nearby hot spots where he said people would strike piñon gold: Pecos, Edgewood and north of Española and Ojo Caliente. Those willing to go a bit farther afield, he said, would find success north of Cuba, a village in Sandoval County. Julie Anne Overton, a spokeswoman for the Santa Fe National Forest, said it appears to be the second consecutive year with a good piñon crop. “You can see the trees, and they’re full of cones,” she said. “So far, the traffic has been moderate. But, I think once the word spreads, we’ll see more people.” The Forest Service asks potential harvesters to respect boundaries with private land. “We’ve seen people cut fences, that sort of thing” in the past, she said. Penelope Gregory’s private land is fit to burst with nut-bearing cones. Her ranch, within the Rio Grande del Norte National Monument, not far from the New Mexico-Colorado border, lies in its own micro climate, she said. Rainfall is plentiful, all but assuring her a regular crop of piñon. So regular that she thought it worthwhile to pursue an organic certification for her piñon from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. An organic certifier and inspector with the state Department of Agriculture said it was the first piñon accreditation in New Mexico. “(Piñon) is a uniquely wonderful product, unique to America,” Gregory said. Now, Gregory invites piñon-seekers who pay a small fee to collect the nuts on her wild organic-certified 120 acres just south of San Antonio Mountain. Weather helped The market has favorable weather conditions to thank, according to data from the National Weather Service. The region is coming out of a strong El Niño and experienced a wet December, said Royce Fontenot, a senior service hydrologist in Albuquerque. Data show a rainy August helped even out northern New Mexico’s overall summer precipitation total to just about normal. Cuneo, the piñon nut retailer, said those wet conditions can make the difference between a crop that comes to fruition and one loaded with baños. Last year’s crop was decent, too, he said. “Blame it on El Niño,” he said. In Pecos, on National Park Service land southeast of town, Chief Ranger Scott Martin said his focus during piñon season is preservation, as well as the safety of roadside pickers. Visitors may collect up to one quart per day, Martin said, and up to 25 pounds per season, in areas not fenced off by the park. He’s keeping a close eye, but there haven’t been any egregious violations this fall. “It’s a family thing,” he said. “Everybody comes out, from grandma to the smallest kids. They’ll set up a picnic and spend the day.” Theresa Gonzales Connaughton has lived up the hill from Old Las Vegas Highway for 38 years in a home surrounded by piñon and juniper. Last year, she said, one of her neighbors posted no-trespassing signs in the area to slow an influx of nut-seekers. When Connaughton spots these visitors, she said, she goes to introduce herself and asks them to keep some distance from her house, but otherwise lets them be. In a good year, there’s plenty to go around, she said. Picking the piñon is a tradition Connaughton’s mother passed down to her, and her mother’s mother before that. Her two young grandchildren are “really into it,” she said. If her cones show promise in a week or two, she said, they’ll come up and collect together. The tradition, Connaughton said, is part of a “subsistence, sustainable agriculture” people in this part of the country have used to survive for centuries. “When Mother Nature gives you a crop like piñon, how could you not use it?” “For me, it’s a historical and cultural experience,” she added. “It’s not so much about the piñon, to tell you the truth. My mother used to say, ‘This is an awful lot of work,’ and yes, it is, but I think it’s important that people understand how to live a sustainable life.” Piñon picking120 acres of wild organic-certified piñon north of Tres Piedras, N.M. To visit, call Penelope Gregory at (575) 770-5206 or email penelopegregory@hotmail.com.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/forest-service-to-burn-slash-piles-east-of-bayfield/</link>
        <title>Forest Service to burn slash piles east of Bayfield</title>
        <description>The Columbine Ranger District of the Forest Service plans to burn slash piles through this fall and winter in the Sauls Creek, Yellow Jacket and Fossett Gulch areas of the San Juan National Forest.Durango Herald file Pile burning may start...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2016 07:11:45 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Columbine Ranger District of the Forest Service plans to burn slash piles through this fall and winter in the Sauls Creek, Yellow Jacket and Fossett Gulch areas of the San Juan National Forest.Durango Herald file The Columbine Ranger District of the Forest Service plans to burn slash piles through this fall and winter in the Sauls Creek, Yellow Jacket and Fossett Gulch areas of the San Juan National Forest. Pile burning may start as early as mid-October and extend until early April, depending on weather conditions. The slash piles are the result of recent thinning and firewood activities. For safety reasons, operations will typically take place after snowfall. Firefighters will ignite and closely monitor the slash piles as they burn, which should not affect public access or use of these areas. More specific notices will be sent out immediately before burning. For more information, call the Columbine District office at 884-2512. The Columbine Ranger District of the Forest Service plans to burn slash piles through this fall and winter in the Sauls Creek, Yellow Jacket and Fossett Gulch areas of the San Juan National Forest.Durango Herald file Pile burning may start as early as mid-October and extend until early April, depending on weather conditions. The slash […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/turtle-lake-refuge-to-celebrate-organic-parks/</link>
        <title>Turtle Lake Refuge to celebrate organic parks</title>
        <description>Turtle Lake Refuge will offer basket weaving at 11:30 a.m. Sunday at Brookside Park.JERRY McBRIDE/Durango Herald file Events include: Tea and tai chi, 9 a.m. Friday, Organic Pioneer Park.Cacao smoothies, dance party and live music, 3 p.m. Saturday, Folsom Park.Basket...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2016 07:05:29 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Turtle Lake Refuge will offer basket weaving at 11:30 a.m. Sunday at Brookside Park.JERRY McBRIDE/Durango Herald file Turtle Lake Refuge is offering free events through Oct. 18 in celebration of the organic parks in Durango. Events include: Tea and tai chi, 9 a.m. Friday, Organic Pioneer Park.Cacao smoothies, dance party and live music, 3 p.m. Saturday, Folsom Park.Basket weaving, 11:30 a.m. Sunday, Organic Brookside Park.Seed saving at the School Garden, 5 p.m. Monday, Needham Elementary School.Wild plant walk, 5 p.m. Tuesday, Organic Iris/Riverfront Park behind Natural Grocers.Singing circle, 3 p.m. Oct. 13, Park Elementary School (Fanto Park).City Council meeting, 5:30 p.m. Oct. 18, City Hall.For more information, call 247-8395 or visit www.turtlelakerefuge.org. Turtle Lake Refuge will offer basket weaving at 11:30 a.m. Sunday at Brookside Park.JERRY McBRIDE/Durango Herald file Events include: Tea and tai chi, 9 a.m. Friday, Organic Pioneer Park.Cacao smoothies, dance party and live music, 3 p.m. Saturday, Folsom Park.Basket weaving, 11:30 a.m. Sunday, Organic Brookside Park.Seed saving at the School Garden, 5 p.m. Monday, […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/researchers-find-abundant-life-in-hawaiis-twilight-zone/</link>
        <title>Researchers find abundant life in Hawaii’s twilight zone</title>
        <description>A paper published in the journal PeerJ revealed that some of these ecosystems off the Hawaiian archipelago, particularly an area off Maui, are the most extensive deep-water reefs ever recorded. The ecosystems, found in waters from 100 to 500 feet...</description>
        <pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 2016 10:32:23 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[HONOLULU – Coral reefs in Hawaii’s oceanic twilight zone, where light still penetrates and photosynthesis occurs, are abundant and host a wide variety of life, a new study shows. A paper published in the journal PeerJ revealed that some of these ecosystems off the Hawaiian archipelago, particularly an area off Maui, are the most extensive deep-water reefs ever recorded. The ecosystems, found in waters from 100 to 500 feet deep, host more than twice the amount of unique Hawaiian fish species as their shallow-water counterparts, and they are much more extensive than previously known. “What is unique about this study is how vast and dense the coral cover is,” Richard Pyle, a Bishop Museum researcher and lead author of the publication, told The Associated Press. Researchers surveyed much of the twilight zone, technically known as the mesophotic coral ecosystem, around the state and found a few hotspots that were particularly productive. In a channel off the island of Maui, the team said they found the largest uninterrupted coral ecosystem ever recorded, measuring more than three square miles with some areas showing 100 percent coral cover. Previously, similar reefs in the Gulf of Mexico and off Okinawa, Japan, had been observed, but in much smaller colonies and at shallower depths. “Although there was a bit of a hint that corals could survive ... down at those depths, these reefs off Maui were far and away much more dramatic both because they were deeper and they had higher coral cover percentage,” Pyle said. They covered a “vastly larger” area. The Maui corals were in an area that combines clear water, plentiful food and shelter from major swells. While some coral lives in much deeper water, this discovery represents the deepest reef-building species that rely on sun-fueled algae to survive. The difficulty of exploring depths beyond 100 feet means a large amount of knowledge about coral reefs is derived from those in more shallow water, said Randall Kosaki, deputy superintendent for the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “So the purpose of this study really was to characterize the other 80 percent of their depth range, and see what’s down there,” he said. The team also discovered an unusually high number of endemic fish species living in some areas, particularly in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. There, the team found that nearly 100 percent of the fish species were unique to the region – the highest level of endemism ever recorded in any marine ecosystem on Earth. It is “absolutely off the scale globally,” Kosaki said. “They are very significant contributions to global biodiversity.” The team did not document any coral bleaching at those depths, but heat from spiking surface temperatures can penetrate deep into the ocean and cause harm to the fragile habitats. “There is a time sensitivity to this exploration because due to climate change and other factors we’re at risk of losing species before we even know they exist,” Kosaki said. The study was conducted over the past 20 years by 16 scientists from NOAA, the University of Hawaii, the Bishop Museum and state agencies. The researchers contend that the largely unexplored ecosystem requires further understanding and protection. One theory that they are exploring is something called the “deep reef refuge” hypothesis. “If shallow coral reefs are more vulnerable to threats from say runoff or overfishing or whatever, then down deep these reefs could potentially serve as refuges for those species,” Pyle said. But that assumes that the shallow reefs are more vulnerable, and it would only apply to the species that could survive in at both depths, he added. “We’re not really sure we can jump to that assumption,” Pyle said. Something that affects the shallow reefs a little bit, such as runoff and murky water, could “potentially extinguish” reefs that survive at the edge of photosynthesis. “They are incredibly unique, with the higher rates of endemism, they are incredibly rich,” Pyle said. “We should value them every bit as much as we value the shallow reefs.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/goose-poop-creates-messy-problem-for-many-cities-in-u-s/</link>
        <title>Goose poop creates messy problem for many cities in U.S.</title>
        <description>A gaggle of Canada geese surround a woman along the Charles River in Cambridge, Mass. Communities large and small across the nation are dealing with the proliferation of goose waste that litters parks and can contaminate waterways.Associate Press file “Geese...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2016 13:44:09 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[A gaggle of Canada geese surround a woman along the Charles River in Cambridge, Mass. Communities large and small across the nation are dealing with the proliferation of goose waste that litters parks and can contaminate waterways.Associate Press file BOSTON – Canada geese are loud, aggressive and annoying, but worst of all they poop everywhere – a messy problem vexing cities across the country trying to keep their parks clean and safe. “Geese and their waste ruin youth sports and picnics, make it unpleasant for the elderly who like to walk in the parks and the waste gets all over dogs’ paws,” said Annissa Essaibi George, a Boston city councilor who this week introduced a measure to drive the messy pests from the city’s parks, playgrounds, ballfields, golf courses and waterways. The poop can make humans sick and pollute waterways, said the first-term councilor, a mother of four whose family trips to the park have been ruined by goose poop. Communities large and small across the nation are dealing with the goose problem, said Paul Curtis, an associate professor of wildlife science and management at Cornell University. The National Park Service last year hired a contractor to keep Canada geese off the National Mall. The city of Ithaca, New York, home of Cornell, last year launched a goose control project, he said. Two years ago, after plastic coyotes didn’t do the trick, frustrated officials in Columbus, Ohio, used laser beams and explosives in efforts to keep geese from fouling the banks of the Olentangy River. The geese causing the problems were thought to be near extinction not so long ago, so they were protected, and the population grew virtually unchecked, said Curtis, who specializes in human/animal conflict. “We sort of brought this on ourselves,” he said. They are not the migratory geese seen flying south in a V-formation every fall. The geese that force people to keep their eyes on the ground and dance around little cylinders of poop are called resident geese. They stay year-round, tend to be bigger than migratory geese, live longer and have more young. They eat grass voraciously, and each adult can produce a pound or more of feces per day, Curtis said. They have few predators and are not hunted as much as migratory geese because they tend to gather in urban areas. Andrew Helger, owner of Arlington, Massachusetts-based Southern New England Goose Patrol, is on the front lines of the goose problem. He and his two border collies have been hired by towns, business parks, apartment complexes and golf courses to get rid of geese. The collies, using their herding instincts, scare the birds away but don’t harm them. “I’ve been doing this seven or eight years now, and every year it gets worse,” Helger said. Essaibi George’s measure will be discussed at a future meeting of the City Council’s Committee on Parks and Recreation, where experts and members of the public will get a chance to speak. She said all humane options are on the table. That could include the use of dogs, bright lights and noisemakers, relocation or egg sterilization. The city parks department already uses an egg sterilization program, but it’s apparently not enough. “Our park system is important to me,” Essaibi George said. “We invest $250 million a year in our parks. I want to protect that investment.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/hermosa-creek-project-improves-habitat-for-cutthroat-trout/</link>
        <title>Hermosa Creek project improves habitat for cutthroat trout</title>
        <description>The San Juan National Forest hired Durango contractors G2 and AJ Construction to complete 500 feet of streambank stabilization in preparation for reintroduction of native Colorado River cutthroat on a stretch of the creek where non-native fish have been removed....</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2016 11:30:34 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[HERMOSA PARK – The heavy equipment working on the East Fork of Hermosa Creek this month was surprisingly delicate and precise as it transformed eroded streambanks and shallow braided waters into prime habitat for Colorado River cutthroat trout. The San Juan National Forest hired Durango contractors G2 and AJ Construction to complete 500 feet of streambank stabilization in preparation for reintroduction of native Colorado River cutthroat on a stretch of the creek where non-native fish have been removed. “It’s important to conduct these operations at times when we have low flows and no fish,” said Clay Kampf, fisheries biologist for the San Juan National Forest Columbine District. “We started at the headwaters of each tributary and worked our way downstream to make sure there were always other fishing opportunities.” Under the direction of Kampf, Grady James, equipment operator with AJ Construction, spent September maneuvering rocks and logs into place to reinforce streambanks and create small waterfalls and deep pools. The goals were clean water and a diversity of habitat for all seasons. “When the creek takes a corner, and an unstable bank erodes, sediment washes into the water and impacts the ability of fish to survive in many ways,” Kampf said. “Corners are high-stress points so we place large rocks there to protect the banks during higher flows.” This fall’s water level was only about three to five cubic feet per second, which offered an opportune time to conduct improvements, but the project was designed for a wide diversity of flows. While spring flows of up to 40 to 50 cfs in the East Fork of Hermosa Creek threaten habitat by eroding the banks, very low flows in winter also endanger the fish. “Keeping water moving in winter keeps it from freezing, which has been the biggest limiting factor for long-term cutthroat survival,” Kampf said. “Constricting the channel and creating small pour-overs increase the winter flow levels.” Buried logs are effective for stabilizing banks where the stream splits and creates shallow stretches that offer spawning habitat in the spring. But where the creek had divided into multiple channels, rocks were used to divert water back into the main channel to keep flows steady. Encouraging vegetation is also important for stream stabilization. When the heavy equipment scooped up grass and forbs to make way for placement of rocks and logs, its giant claw replanted the native vegetation with the skill of a seasoned gardener. “We retain any disturbed vegetation and replant it nearby,” Kampf said. “We avoid disturbing any established willows, which in this stretch are about five to 10 years old.” Kampf also hopes nature’s furry engineers will return to the area and help with recovery. “There were beavers, but they moved upstream and downstream during disturbance from the project,” Kampf said. “If the beavers return and flood the area, they will create additional overwintering and larger pools for the cutthroat.” The Forest Service will closely monitor the project area for three years, keeping an eye out for noxious weeds. Volunteers with the Durango Chapter of Trout Unlimited will help the agency later this fall to plant additional native grass and forb seeds and alder/willow cuttings along the banks to further revegetate the area. “Our goals are to improve water quality and mimic natural features that will aid in the conservation of the Colorado River cutthroat, which will, in turn, improve recreational fishing,” Kampf said. Ann Bond is the public affairs specialist for the San Juan National Forest. Reach her at abond@fs.fed.us. Hermosa Creek headwaters ideal for native fish reintroductionDURANGO – Long ago, after the glaciers retreated from Southwest Colorado, native Colorado River cutthroat trout graced streams high in the San Juan Mountains; that is, until the late 1800s, when European settlers took one cast too many and virtually wiped them out. The answer for restocking Colorado’s streams has been to introduce non-native game species, such as rainbow, brown and brook trout. In many streams, cutthroat were either out-competed or hybridized by the non-natives, or their habitat was altered to the point of no return. In the 1990s, Colorado Parks and Wildlife and the U.S. Forest Service began looking to the Hermosa Creek drainage north of Durango as an ideal location for recovery of the Colorado River cutthroat. The Hermosa and its tributaries cross through national forest lands recently designated by Congress as a Special Management Area and Wilderness. “The headwaters of Hermosa Creek offer excellent habitat for Colorado River cutthroat trout,” said Jim White, CPW aquatic biologist. “The water is clean, cold, abundant and interconnected with numerous tributary streams.” Since then, the state has been removing non-native fish from Hermosa Creek’s east fork and main stem and reintroducing native cutthroat in stretches protected by fish barriers constructed by the Forest Service. About 17 miles of those waters now host genetically pure cutthroat raised from local native brood stocks gathered from the East Fork of the Piedra River. Concurrently, the Forest Service is working to improve water quality and fish habitat. “These reintroduction projects are critical to conservation of the species,” White said. “We are one of several states working with federal agencies and non-governmental organizations to expand the range of cutthroat trout.” One of the goals of this wide-ranging partnership has been to improve the status of the cutthroat so that a federal listing under the Endangered Species Act is not necessary. “There are plenty of places to catch non-native species, but precious few places to catch native cutthroat,” said Buck Skillen with the Durango Chapter of Trout Unlimited. “Our efforts in the Hermosa will result in a 20-plus-mile meta-population that could survive a large disturbance, like a forest fire, where small isolated pockets of fish might not.” Trout Unlimited volunteers have donated hundreds of hours of volunteer labor to help with revegetation of streambanks. “We also pushed for and helped implement a fish-salvage project,” Skillen said. “We were able to catch more than 600 non-native fish prior to earlier electroshocking operations and carry them in aerated tanks to be relocated in nearby waters.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/san-juan-national-forest-announces-acting-supervisor/</link>
        <title>San Juan National Forest announces acting supervisor</title>
        <description>Bacondu1-i-syn In her absence, Russell Bacon, deputy forest supervisor for the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison national forests, is serving as the San Juan National Forest’s acting forest supervisor. Bacon was born in Boise, Idaho, and his grandfather and father...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2016 11:24:31 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bacondu1-i-syn San Juan National Forest Supervisor Kara Chadwick will be serving a temporary assignment in Atlanta as acting deputy regional forester for natural resources in the U.S. Forest Service Southeastern Region for the next four months. In her absence, Russell Bacon, deputy forest supervisor for the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison national forests, is serving as the San Juan National Forest’s acting forest supervisor. Bacon was born in Boise, Idaho, and his grandfather and father both had long Forest Service careers. Bacon spent his first 12 years in Forest Service compounds in Idaho and Wyoming. He graduated from the University of Idaho in 1997 with a bachelor’s degree in forest resources management and held several seasonal jobs with the agency throughout college. Bacon started his federal career in 1995 as a timber seasonal in the Boise National Forest and landed his first permanent job on the Black Hills National Forest in 1999 as a marking crew foreman, geographic information system specialist and fire restoration coordinator. He went on to become assistant district ranger on the Huron-Manistee National Forest, then district ranger on the Bridger-Teton National Forest. After serving as district ranger on the Salmon-Challis National Forest, Bacon landed in his current position in 2013. He and wife, Darcie, a former Forest Service botanist, have two children.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/staff-shortages-hamper-u-s-wildlife-refuges/</link>
        <title>Staff shortages hamper U.S. wildlife refuges</title>
        <description>Staffing at the nation’s 565 wildlife refuges and related properties shrank nearly 15 percent in the past decade, and more than one-third of those locations don’t have any staff on site, the Washington, D.C.-based Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility said....</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 24 Sep 2016 22:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[PORTLAND, Ore. – Hundreds of national wildlife refuges that provide critical habitat for migratory birds and other species are crippled by a staffing shortage that has curtailed educational programs, hampered the fight against invasive species and weakened security at facilities that attract nearly 50 million visitors annually, a group of public employees and law enforcement say. Staffing at the nation’s 565 wildlife refuges and related properties shrank nearly 15 percent in the past decade, and more than one-third of those locations don’t have any staff on site, the Washington, D.C.-based Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility said. More than half of the refuges no longer have their own manager and have been combined into massive “complexes” that are overseen by someone who might be hundreds of miles away, said Jeff Ruch, executive director of the nonprofit alliance. The report raises concerns about low staffing levels given the recent armed takeover of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in remote southeast Oregon. More than two dozen occupied the refuge’s headquarters in January, launching a 41-day standoff with authorities that ended two weeks after one of them was fatally shot. The occupiers were protesting the prosecution of two ranchers who set fires on federal lands. Seven of them are now on trial in federal court in Portland. The crisis set off alarm bells and prompted officials to spend $6 million from an already tight budget to move law enforcement officers to preserves scattered in remote locations across the West, said David Houghton, president of the National Wildlife Refuge Association. Many refuges are patrolled by a single officer who covers several states. Some refuge managers have since sent their law enforcement officers to additional training or updated security plans. “People are paying attention to that whole dynamic. I only have one law enforcement officer here and she covers the entire range of refuges, and she’s by herself,” said Michelle Potter, who manages seven refuges and three other habitats in and around Long Island, New York. “I worry about safety.” Vanessa Kauffman, a spokesman for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, declined to comment on the study but did acknowledge a tight budget in a phone interview with the AP. The agency oversees the refuge system. “The budget determines the staff, and if you have attrition and you have a shortened budget, you’re not going to be able to replace staff,” said Kauffman. “We do what we can.” The refuges, as well as 178 other federally protected areas dedicated to waterfowl habitat and wetland preservation, attract 47.5 million visitors a year for bird-watching, hunting, fishing and educational activities, but their primary mission is the preservation of critical habitat for fragile species. Many, but not all, are in remote areas. Because they are focused on wildlife preservation, refuges are less well known by the public than their flashier, selfie-friendly cousins at the National Park Service, yet they have expanded rapidly in recent years as funding has shrunk. Since 2010, the overall refuge budget dropped by $17 million to $486 million while the system added more than 700 million acres, said Houghton. Much of that expansion comes from the addition of two massive marine monuments, including one designated in the Atlantic Ocean last week by President Barack Obama that includes 5,000 square miles of underwater canyons and mountains off the New England coast. Meanwhile, existing refuges are struggling to complete their mission with a staff so pared down that some can’t keep on volunteers because there’s no one to manage them. In Rhode Island, for example, a refuge complex cut educational programs for school children by 20 percent, lost its visitor center manager and hasn’t been able to treat huge swaths of land for invasive species. Charlie Vandemoer oversees five refuges in Rhode Island but has security from only one officer who also patrols refuges in Massachusetts and Connecticut. He relies on more than 23,000 volunteer hours a year to get the most critical work done and recently sent his solitary law enforcement officer for additional training. “If it wasn’t for volunteers, they’d have to shut the doors,” said Marvin Plenert, a retired manager in Portland who used to oversee the Western region. “It’s pathetic, is what it is.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/rusty-patched-bumble-bee-recommended-for-endangered-list/</link>
        <title>Rusty patched bumble bee recommended for endangered list</title>
        <description>A rusty patched bumble bee collects pollen from a flower in Madison, Wis. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has formally recommended this bumble bee for endangered status after reviewing reports from the Portland, Ore.-based Xerces Society that show the...</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2016 11:17:54 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[A rusty patched bumble bee collects pollen from a flower in Madison, Wis. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has formally recommended this bumble bee for endangered status after reviewing reports from the Portland, Ore.-based Xerces Society that show the species has disappeared from about 90 percent of its historic range in the past 20 years.Rich Hatfield/The Xerces Society via AP PORTLAND, Ore. – Federal wildlife officials on Thursday made a formal recommendation to list the rusty patched bumble bee as an endangered species because it has disappeared from about 90 percent of its historic range in just the past two decades. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made the recommendation after the Portland, Oregon-based Xerces Society petitioned the agency on behalf of the bee in 2013 and presented studies showing it was struggling due to a combination of disease, habitat loss, climate change and overuse of pesticides on commercial crops. If approved, the species would be the first bee listed as endangered in the continental United States, said Rich Hatfield, senior conservation biologist with the Xerces Society. The group, which advocates for the preservation of pollinator insects such as butterflies and bees, used “citizen scientists” to take counts of the rusty patched bumble bees. The bees once ranged over 28 states stretching from Minnesota to Maine and into parts of Canada, but are now limited to small and scattered colonies in about a dozen states, including Illinois, Ohio and Minnesota, and one Canadian province, the Fish and Wildlife Service said in a statement Thursday. Even those populations may have disappeared or been reduced because the last counts were done in 2000, the agency said. “This is a very difficult thing to track. It’s not like honey bees that are out in boxes that people can go out and count so keeping track of them in the wild is very difficult,” Hatfield said of the bumble bee’s numbers. The rusty patched bumble bee gets its name for a crescent-shaped, reddish patch on its abdomen. It is one of 4,000 native bee species in North America, Hatfield said. It is an important pollinator for crops such as cranberries, blueberries and tomatoes and has increasingly been used in commercial farming because it is bigger and stronger than the honey bee. Because of its bigger size, it causes a higher vibration in the pollen-laden anthers of the flowers it is visiting, resulting in more and better fruit harvests, Hatfield said. But the populations of bumble bees being used to pollinate greenhouse tomatoes, cranberry bogs and blueberry fields have become infected by disease and spread a virulent pathogen to their wild cohorts, causing those colonies to collapse, he said. The phenomenon is similar to the colony collapse that has affected honey bees in recent years, he said. Honey bees create hives of up to 50,000 individuals and make honey to survive through the winter. Bumble bees live in small colonies of 50 to 500 individuals and don’t make honey because they don’t live through the winter, Hatfield said. They rarely sting because they don’t have large colonies to protect and don’t have a honey stash to defend, he added. Seven species of yellow faced bee in Hawaii were proposed for listing by the Fish and Wildlife Service last year, but the recommendation has yet to be formalized, Hatfield said. “I think one of the great things about pollinator conservation in general is that no matter where you live, you can do something about this,” Hatfield said. “All these animals need our flowers from spring through fall and if we can help create or restore some habitat that’s been lost, we can give bees a chance to recover.” The public has 60 days to comment on the proposed listing for the rusty patched bumble bee, and then the agency will make a final ruling.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/100000-deaths-attributed-to-forest-fire-haze-in-indonesia/</link>
        <title>100,000 deaths attributed to forest fire haze in Indonesia</title>
        <description>Students ride on a boat on their way to school while haze from wildfires blanket the Musi River in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Indonesian forest fires that choked a swath of Southeast Asia with a smoky haze for weeks in...</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 09:59:48 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=139392B8-1ABB-4EDE-86F4-8D5353A940A6&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Students ride on a boat on their way to school while haze from wildfires blanket the Musi River in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Indonesian forest fires that choked a swath of Southeast Asia with a smoky haze for weeks in 2015 may have caused more than 100,000 premature deaths, according to new research that will add to pressure on Indonesia’s government to tackle the annual crisis.Associated Press file JAKARTA, Indonesia – Indonesian forest fires that choked a swath of Southeast Asia with a smoky haze for weeks last year may have caused more than 100,000 deaths, according to new research that will add to pressure on Indonesia’s government to tackle the annual crisis. The study by scientists from Harvard University and Columbia University to be published in the journal Environmental Research Letters is being welcomed by other researchers and Indonesia’s medical profession as an advance in quantifying the suspected serious public health effects of the fires, which are set to clear land for agriculture and forestry. The number of deaths is an estimate derived from a complex analysis that has not yet been validated by analysis of official data on mortality. The research has implications for land-use practices and Indonesia’s vast pulp and paper industry. The researchers showed that peatlands within timber concessions, and peatlands overall, were a much bigger proportion of the fires observed by satellite than in 2006, which was another particularly bad year for haze. The researchers surmise that draining of the peatlands to prepare them for pulpwood plantations and other uses made them more vulnerable to fires. The estimate of early deaths linked to respiratory illness and other causes covers Indonesia and its neighbors Singapore and Malaysia. It dwarfs Indonesia’s official toll of 19 that included deaths from illness and the deaths of firefighters. However, the possible scale of serious health consequences was indicated by a statement from the country’s disaster management agency in October that said more than 43 million Indonesians were exposed to smoke from the fires and half a million suffered acute respiratory infections. The study considered only the health impact on adults and restricts itself to the effects of health-threatening fine particulate matter, often referred to as PM2.5, rather than all toxins that would be in the smoke from burning peatlands and forests. The bulk of the estimated deaths are in Indonesia, by far the most populous of the three countries and the country with the biggest land area affected by haze. The fires from July to October last year in southern Sumatra and the Indonesian part of Borneo were the worst since 1997 and exacerbated by El Nino dry conditions. About 261,000 hectares of land burned. Some of the fires started accidentally, but many were deliberately set by companies and villagers to clear land for plantations and agriculture. Rajasekhar Bala, an environmental engineering expert at the National University of Singapore, one of five experts who reviewed the paper for The Associated Press and were not involved in the research, said the study is preliminary and involved a “very challenging” task of analyzing the sources and spread of fine particulate matter over several countries and a lengthy time frame. Even with caveats, it should serve as a “wake-up call” for firm action in Indonesia to curb peatland and forest fires and for regional cooperation to deal with the fallout on public health, he said. “Air pollution, especially that caused by atmospheric fine particles, has grave implications for human health,” he said. Frank Murray, an associate professor of environment science at Australia’s Murdoch University, said the death estimates are not “precise health outcomes” but their overall scale should trigger intensified efforts to deal with the crisis. The study is a major contribution to addressing an international problem, he said. The study finds there is a high statistical probability that early deaths ranged between 26,300 and 174,300. Its main estimate of 100,300 deaths is the average of those two figures. It predicts 91,600 deaths in Indonesia, another 6,500 in Malaysia and 2,200 in Singapore. The researchers involved in the study say the model they developed can be combined with satellite and ground station observations to analyze the haze in close to real time. That gives it the potential to be used to direct firefighting efforts in a way that reduces the amount of illness caused, they say. The annual fires have strained relations between Indonesia and its wealthier neighbors Singapore and Malaysia, who are at the mercy of winds that carry the haze into their territory from Sumatra. But the brunt of the crisis is faced by millions of Indonesians in Sumatra and Kalimantan, many of them poor and with little or no means to protect themselves from the blanket of smoke. “Particles penetrate indoors, and housing in Indonesia is very well ventilated, so I don’t think there is any avertive behavior that people there could have taken that would have been effective,” said Joel Schwartz, an air pollution epidemiologist at Harvard who co-authored the study. “In Singapore, if you close all the windows and turn on the air conditioning you get some protection, which may have happened.” The Indonesian Medical Association’s West Kalimantan chapter said Indonesia faces an overall decline in the health of future generations with social and economic consequences if the situation is not tackled. “We are the doctors who care for the vulnerable groups exposed to toxic smoke,” said Nursyam Ibrahim, deputy head of the West Kalimantan chapter of the association. “And we know how awful it is to see the disease symptoms experienced by babies and children in our care.” Howard Frumpkin, dean of the School of Public Health at the University of Washington, said it is possible the health consequences are greater than indicated by the study because higher incidence of certain health problems in developing countries could make populations more susceptible to the effects of fine particulate matter.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/snow-leopards-return-brings-hope-to-remote-afghan-region/</link>
        <title>Snow leopards’ return brings hope to remote Afghan region</title>
        <description>The leopards range across the snowy mountains of a dozen countries in Central and South Asia, but their numbers had declined in recent decades as hunters sought their spotted pelts and farmers killed them to protect livestock. Now they appear...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 16 Sep 2016 14:37:50 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[WAKHAN, Afghanistan – In a picturesque corner of Afghanistan, a unique conservation effort has helped bring the elusive snow leopard back from the brink and given hope to one of the poorest and most isolated communities on earth. The leopards range across the snowy mountains of a dozen countries in Central and South Asia, but their numbers had declined in recent decades as hunters sought their spotted pelts and farmers killed them to protect livestock. Now they appear to be thriving, thanks to a seven-year program and a newly declared national park. Scientists who have been tracking the shy leopards estimate there are up to 140 cats in the Wakhan National Park, established two years ago across 4,200 square miles. Stephane Ostrowski, a specialist with the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society, says that’s a healthy and sustainable number, and indicates that other species like the Siberian ibex and golden marmot – the leopards’ main prey – are also doing well. The WCS believes global leopard numbers could be much higher than a previous upper estimate of 7,500, after data gathered by Ostrowski and others showed there could be more than 8,000 in just 44 percent of the animal’s known range. The World Wildlife Fund lists the species as “endangered.” His findings are the result of research carried out in one of the most hard-to-reach places on earth. The Wakhan corridor is nestled high in the Hindu Kush mountain range and cut off by snow for most of the year. The 15-year-old war with the Taliban rages 18 miles to the south, and the nearby borders with Tajikistan, Pakistan and China are usually closed. The United Nations Development Program funds and oversees all the WCS activities in the Wakhan, and will provide $3 million for the snow leopard project over the next two years. Ostrowski and the other foreign and Afghan scientists camp in yellow tents in the Sarkand Valley for months on end, monitoring and maintaining a far-flung network of cameras and traps. In just one year, they collected around 5,000 images of 38 individual cats. They managed to capture four leopards – one of them twice – and were able to fit them with collars and track them with GPS. They hope to catch another two by the end of the year. They’ve learned that snow leopards range widely. Like house cats, they mark their territory by spraying and scratching the ground, but unlike their distant relatives, they don’t mind getting wet. “These cats can cross big rivers and swim in extremely cold water,” Ostrowski said. One female crossed the Amu Darya river into Tajikistan, stayed a couple of weeks and then returned. The snow leopards have benefited from conservation programs going back to 2009, when the WCS began building enclosed corrals with mesh roofs to protect the sheep, goats and cows that are the backbone of the local economy. It was the first step toward bringing modern conservation techniques to Wakhan, where the population of around 17,000 lives off of subsistence farming. In one of the poorest regions of one of the world’s poorest countries, the leopards had long been seen as a menace. Hassan Beg says he lost 22 sheep and goats in one night a few years ago when a snow leopard got into his uncovered corral, and his cousin Saeed said he was attacked by one late at night. Hassan has since built his own roof over the enclosure using tree branches. “We can’t kill them,” he said, “so I just make sure it won’t happen again.” A presidential decree banning all hunting countrywide was issued in 2005, but the scientists recently found a carcass with a bullet in its head. Some 250 miles to the southwest, at a crowded market in the capital, Kabul, a shopkeeper discreetly produced a snow leopard pelt with a long cylindrical tail and a face distorted by crude taxidermy. He wanted $1,800 for it. “We receive reports from all of the provinces where hunting is going on illegally, whether it is because of poverty, whether it is for hobby, whether it is for selling it at a higher price in the market,” said Mostapha Zaher, director general of the National Environment Protection Agency. But back in Wakhan, the conservation efforts appear to be catching on. At Qala-i-Panja High School, where students say they’ve never heard of the internet, they’ve embraced modern notions of wildlife preservation. A snow leopard cub stares down from a poster affixed to the otherwise bare walls. “Since the ban on hunting was introduced, the numbers of wild animals are increasing here and that is attracting foreign tourists,” said Simah, a 17-year-old who like many Afghans has no surname. “That can be good for the economy of Afghanistan.” The snow leopard is the national park’s star attraction, even if most visitors are unlikely to see one. But the region also boasts wolves, brown bears, red foxes, and the long-horned Marco Polo sheep – named for the 13th century Italian explorer who spotted one on his journey to the Far East. Only around 100 visitors reach Wakhan every year, most entering from Tajikistan during the summer months. Wakhan’s poverty and isolation has insulated it from decades of war, but has also deterred all but the most adventurous travelers. Frenchman Jocelyn Guitton, an EU diplomat, arrived in August with plans to trek to the corridor’s northeast and visit Kyrgyz nomads. He allows that it’s “off the beaten track,” but says he hopes tourism can bring “visibility and good practices” to the region. Since declaring the national park two years ago, the government has been holding public meetings known as shuras throughout Wakhan to cultivate local support for the idea and to reassure residents who initially feared they might lose their land. “It’s a new concept for these people and it’s a new concept for Afghanistan, so it takes time,” said Ashley Vosper, a landscape expert at WCS who has taken part in the meetings. Vosper says the park actually provides “brilliant protection” to residents by ensuring that no one else can use their land while bringing economic development to the region. “It can be a nice two-way balance,” he said. Zaher hopes that Wakhan can one day rival Afghanistan’s only other national park, in the central Bamiyan province, which attracts thousands of tourists each year to the crystal blue lakes of Band-i-Amir. “When peace returns to Afghanistan – and it will, as no war lasts forever – Wakhan has great potential for ecotourism, for people who are interested in archaeology, anthropology, researchers interested in Afghanistan, people interested in glacial melt, mountaineering, the environment.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/hemp-studies-yield-improved-crop-in-yellow-jacket/</link>
        <title>Hemp studies yield improved crop in Yellow Jacket</title>
        <description>Trials demonstrate real potential, researchers say</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 14 Sep 2016 04:56:56 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Trials demonstrate real potential, researchers say In its second year of industrial hemp trials, the Southwestern Colorado Research Center in Yellow Jacket reports a stronger crop. During a public tour of the Colorado State University station in August, manager Abdel Berrada said the trial was done in response to public interest in the crop. The project is part of a five-year research provision in the U.S. Farm Bill. “We’ve had a lot of calls about it, but we didn’t have the information, so we decided to see what we could learn,” he said. “We’re getting a much better stand this year.” Testing hemp strains Hemp is a non-psychoactive variant of the cannabis plant used to make a wide variety of products including textiles, paper, rope, fuel, soaps, medicine, food and even industrial plastics. Colorado is one of 24 states that has legalized growing hemp, though it’s illegal at the federal level because it’s genetically related to the high-inducing marijuana. The difference, Berrada said, is that hemp is regulated to 0.3 percent THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, which typically contains 5 to 25 percent THC. The Colorado Department of Agriculture regularly tests hemp crops across the state to ensure strains do not exceed the 0.3 percent standard. But CSU researchers at Yellow Jacket wondered whether hemp’s THC levels could change because of environmental stress. “In one test plot, we are using deficit irrigation to see if the stress will affect THC levels and cause them to go over the standard,” Berrada said. “That’s important, because if a farmer’s hemp crop is over the standard, it could be destroyed.” Thirteen strains are being grown in another test plot to study vegetative yield, seed yield, plant health, irrigation and fertilizer needs, and whether pests or diseases are an issue. All the strains are from Europe and were chosen based on similar climate conditions. CSU entomologist Bob Hammon has been studying the impact of insects on hemp, and said the news is good for now. “We have not found any pest species for hemp,” he said. “But with any new crop, you have a honeymoon period of a few years, then the bugs catch on.” Honeybees are attracted to hemp but don’t seem to cause any harm. Hammon said beneficial bugs that prey on other insects, such as banded thrips and lady beetles, have been found in hemp fields in Fruita. How trials turned out Berrada went over the specifics of the hemp trials. The crop was planted June 7 at a rate of 900,000 seeds per acre. About one-third took root. Hemp grows well in marginal land but needs a lot of nitrogen, which was applied at 180 pounds per acre. If grown for fiber, hemp requires good amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium to encourage vigorous stalk growth. Last year’s crop yielded 2 tons of fiber per acre. The hemp seed, processed for high-protein foods, oils and fuel, is considered a better market than fiber for textiles because of heavy competition from other products like cotton. Last year, the research center harvested 500 pounds of seeds per acre. This year, they expect 1,000 pounds of seeds per acre. Seeds are selling for between $20 and $30 per pound. But obtaining hemp seeds has been a challenge for hemp growers because of legal issues related to federal laws. To solve the problem, the Colorado Department of Agriculture is developing a certified seed bank program for distribution to farmers. “We learned this year to plant earlier, with seeds a half-inch in the ground,” Berrada said. “Keep the ground wet until germination.” For harvesting, a sickle bar mower to lay the crop in windrows is effective. After drying, it can be thrashed with a combine. “We’re narrowing it down to determine which species will do best here,” Berrada said. A hot new market for hemp is extracting cannabidiol (CBD) for medical purposes from flowers and leaves. CBD oil is showing promise for treating a variety of diseases, including multiple sclerosis. It does not have the side effects of traditional pharmaceuticals, and because of its low THC content, CBD oil does not have a psychoactive effect. “The CBD market is very profitable right now,” Berrada said. “We will be testing for it as well.” One aspect researchers did not expect was the hemp’s impact on nearby marijuana plants allowed for personal use under Colorado law. In July, a neighbor complained that the research center’s hemp could cross-pollinate his outdoor marijuana plants reducing their THC level. jmimiaga@the-journal.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/art-in-nature-workshop-offered-at-durango-nature-center/</link>
        <title>‘Art in Nature’ workshop offered at Durango Nature Center</title>
        <description>Durango Nature Studies will hold an “Art in Nature” workshop at 10:30 a.m. Sept. 24 at the Durango Nature Center.SHAUN STANLEY/Durango Herald file Program facilitator Emily Schaefgen will help people find artistic inspiration from microscopic plant cells to the simplicity...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 14 Sep 2016 04:35:34 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Durango Nature Studies will hold an “Art in Nature” workshop at 10:30 a.m. Sept. 24 at the Durango Nature Center.SHAUN STANLEY/Durango Herald file Durango Nature Studies will hold an “Art in Nature” workshop at 10:30 a.m. Sept. 24 at the Durango Nature Center. Program facilitator Emily Schaefgen will help people find artistic inspiration from microscopic plant cells to the simplicity of a single leaf. Participants will create their own art during the workshop, and all materials will be supplied. Attendees receive free, same-day entry to the Nature Center from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. To register, email sally@durangonaturestudies.org or call 769-1800. Durango Nature Studies will hold an “Art in Nature” workshop at 10:30 a.m. Sept. 24 at the Durango Nature Center.SHAUN STANLEY/Durango Herald file Program facilitator Emily Schaefgen will help people find artistic inspiration from microscopic plant cells to the simplicity of a single leaf. Participants will create their own art during the workshop, and all […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/durango-nature-studies-auction-includes-neil-young-tickets-lots-more/</link>
        <title>Durango Nature Studies’ auction includes Neil Young tickets, lots more</title>
        <description>Nick Jernigan, far right, watches as his father, Randy Jernigan, left, and volunteers Robin Bumgarner, center, and Colin Vosika install one of 16 bird boxes at the Durango Nature Center in 2015. Durango Nature Studies Annual Online Auction will be...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 14 Sep 2016 04:29:34 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=46830878-4730-4343-B473-1E1B909D3489&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Nick Jernigan, far right, watches as his father, Randy Jernigan, left, and volunteers Robin Bumgarner, center, and Colin Vosika install one of 16 bird boxes at the Durango Nature Center in 2015. Durango Nature Studies Annual Online Auction will be held through Sept. 26.Durango Herald file Durango Nature Studies’ Annual Online Auction is underway through Sept. 26. Local businesses and board members have donated multiple items and services to benefit DNS, and the total number of offerings has doubled this year. New items include two-day tickets to see Neil Young in Telluride, a $100 gift certificate to Seasons Rotisserie & Grill, a one-person ultralight tent, Osprey Deluxe and Sojourn travel packs, a woman’s Gregory pack, a three-month membership to Fitness Solutions, an MSR XGK backpacking stove and much more. To view items and participate in the auction, visit http://auction.durangonaturestudies.org or go through the DNS homepage at www.durangonaturestudies.org. Nick Jernigan, far right, watches as his father, Randy Jernigan, left, and volunteers Robin Bumgarner, center, and Colin Vosika install one of 16 bird boxes at the Durango Nature Center in 2015. Durango Nature Studies Annual Online Auction will be held through Sept. 26.Durango Herald file New items include two-day tickets to see Neil Young […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/beekeepers-growers-get-financially-stung-by-hive-thefts/</link>
        <title>Beekeepers, growers get financially stung by hive thefts</title>
        <description>Marking the hives and frames with a registered brand is one way to recover stolen hives. Opportunistic “bee rustlers” bolster their honeybee numbers with pilfered hives and frames. Bee hive burglaries are difficult to prevent but there are a number...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 09 Sep 2016 14:54:33 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=22F0C90E-4C57-4E46-8876-72464A3C946E&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Marking the hives and frames with a registered brand is one way to recover stolen hives. Opportunistic “bee rustlers” bolster their honeybee numbers with pilfered hives and frames. Bee hive burglaries are difficult to prevent but there are a number of ways to catch a thief.Associated Press file Bee rustlers are driving up the cost of one of nature’s sweetest enterprises: Honeybee hives valued at over $350 apiece are disappearing in large numbers. That figure doesn’t include rental fee losses of up to $200 per hive for bees transported to pollinate citrus in Florida, blueberries in Maine, cranberries in Wisconsin, vegetables in Texas, sunflowers in the Dakotas and almond orchards during their six- to eight-week California bloom period in January and February. There simply aren’t enough honeybees in those areas to handle the pollinating load. Even with thousands of commercial hives being shipped around the country, honeybee diseases and complications from theft have created too little supply of the bees and too much demand. California is prime ground for bee thefts since two-thirds of all beehives in the U.S. are used to help pollinate its million-acre-plus almond production. Two beehives per acre are needed for pollination. “It’s the easiest way for someone to steal in large-scale values that I know of,” said Darren Cox, a commercial beekeeper from Utah who recently lost 80 hives rented to a California almond grower. Most bee yards are isolated and in remote areas, said Joy Pendell, media director for the California State Beekeepers Association. “Anyone with a forklift and truck can easily pick up the hives and drive to a new location,” she said. “Bees are typically transported at night since bees do not fly at night or in cooler weather” (below 55 degrees Fahrenheit), she said. Losses are difficult to determine nationwide, but 1,654 beehives were reported stolen by California almond growers between Jan. 1 and Feb. 28 this year, the peak period there for almond trees to bloom, Parnell said. “It’s all about making an easy buck at someone else’s expense,” she said. “The price of bees renting for almond pollination has skyrocketed and it is attracting the thieves.” Prevention is difficult, but there are ways to catch a beehive thief. They include: Marking your hives using a registered brand on boxes and frames. “A brand provides concrete evidence of the ownership of the beehive,” Pendell said. Using GPS tracking. “The trick is getting a device that will motion-activate,” Pendell said. “I’m not sure how well it will work out, but it is worth a shot.”Hiring a security service.Placing bee lots out of sight and securing them with locked fencing.Using surveillance cameras.Posting rewards. The California State Beekeepers Association currently offers a reward of up to $10,000 for the arrest and conviction of people selling member bees or equipment.“The whole problem with this hive theft thing is the probability of getting caught is low and the returns are high,” said Brittney Goodrich, a PhD candidate at the University of California, Davis, who is writing a dissertation on honeybee contracts in the almond industry. “Almond acreage continues to expand, and demand for pollination continues to grow. The price of bee pollination will continue going up and hive thefts will probably increase.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/this-fish-may-be-key-puzzle-piece-to-evolutionary-transition/</link>
        <title>This fish may be key puzzle piece to evolutionary transition</title>
        <description>More tragic still, every specimen in the “mass death deposit” was a juvenile. So where were their parents? The answer could “rewrite the conquest of land,” said Sophie Sanchez, a paleontologist at the University of Uppsala in Sweden and the...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 09 Sep 2016 14:50:54 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[The fossils were found in a tangle in the 365-million-year-old Greenland rock: 20 sets of floppy limbs and fish tails thrown together by an ancient catastrophe. Paleontologists said the creatures, called Acanthostegas, were swept out of their underwater homes by a flood, then perished in a subsequent drought - though they had legs, the animals hadn’t yet evolved the ability to walk on land. More tragic still, every specimen in the “mass death deposit” was a juvenile. So where were their parents? The answer could “rewrite the conquest of land,” said Sophie Sanchez, a paleontologist at the University of Uppsala in Sweden and the lead author of a study on the Acanthostegas published Wednesday in the journal Nature. Acanthostegas are one of the iconic transitional forms between the first land vertebrates and their fishy ancestors. When the Greenland fossils were discovered almost 30 years ago, scientists assumed they belonged to adult, aquatic creatures. They didn’t have the right adaptations for terrestrial life: The digits of their feet were webbed, their joints were ill-suited to carrying their weight, and they had a well-developed gill skeleton instead of lungs. Though they are tetrapods - the class of four-limbed animals that gave rise to the land vertebrates, and eventually to all amphibians, reptiles and mammals, including us - they couldn’t be the tetrapod that first stepped out of the water onto land. That creature probably came along later. That the Greenland fossils were actually juveniles changes the equation, Sanchez said. Most modern amphibians live in the water during development but on land as adults - “amphibia” literally means “both kinds of life.” So while Acanthostega youths clearly lived underwater, their parents “were certainly living in another environment,” Sanchez said. “Maybe they were terrestrial, maybe they were aquatic.” Either way, the find suggests that early tetrapods had already evolved the duality of modern amphibians, with distinct juvenile and adult phases. That’s important, Sanchez said, because understanding how these ancient creatures grew can also help us figure out how they evolved. The Acanthostega fossils were discovered almost 30 years ago by paleontologist Jennifer Clack, a co-author on the Nature study. The animals were about two feet long, with flat, paddle-shaped heads and salamander-like limbs. They seemed to be an intermediate form between the lobe-finned fishes like Tiktaalik (the grizzled great-grandfather of all land vertebrates) and the first terrestrial animals, such as Ichthyostega. But it was difficult to get inside the bones to take a closer look. Fossilized bones have been subject to mineralization - the organic material is literally replaced with rock - which makes them impermeable to most X-rays. And paleontology curators are generally reluctant to let scientists take their specimens and hack them open. “If I had asked these curators to section these bones, they would have said, ‘You’re crazy. No way,’” Sanchez said. So she took them to the European Synchrotron - a particle accelerator in Grenoble, France that produces one of the most powerful X-rays on Earth. There, scientists were able to image the interiors of several upper arm bones from the Greenland site. Inside each one was a pattern of concentric circles, like the rings in the trunk of a tree. These are common in all animal bones - as the animal grows, new tissue is laid down in predictable layers. The rings get narrower as the animal ages. But the pattern in the Acanthostega fossils didn’t get narrower, indicating that these specimens weren’t adults yet. In addition, their limbs were made mostly of cartilage, rather than hardened bone. According to Nadia Fröbisch, an evolutionary biologist at the Museum für Naturkunde (Natural History Museum) in Berlin, this research supports the hypothesis that the Acanthostegas were basically aquatic. But it also provides “a deeper understanding of the development and evolution of our four-legged forerunners,” she wrote. “Although many advances have been made in understanding the evolutionary transition from fish to tetrapod, a key piece of the puzzle has remained elusive - how did the earliest tetrapods grow? The process by which an organism develops from the fertilized egg to the adult form ... reveals details about the evolution and biology of a species that cannot be made by studying adult individuals alone.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/prescribed-burn-in-cat-creek-road-area/</link>
        <title>Prescribed burn in Cat Creek Road area</title>
        <description>SHAUN STANLEY/Durango Herald file&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Southern Ute Agency Fire Management is planning a prescribed burn Monday through Friday in the Garcia Canyon/Round Meadow area of Archuleta County Road 700 (Cat Creek Road), about 16 miles southwest of Pagosa Springs.du1-i-syn The burn will...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 07 Sep 2016 09:32:42 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[SHAUN STANLEY/Durango Herald file<br><br>Southern Ute Agency Fire Management is planning a prescribed burn Monday through Friday in the Garcia Canyon/Round Meadow area of Archuleta County Road 700 (Cat Creek Road), about 16 miles southwest of Pagosa Springs.du1-i-syn Southern Ute Agency Fire Management is planning a prescribed burn Monday through Friday in the Garcia Canyon/Round Meadow area of Archuleta County Road 700 (Cat Creek Road), about 16 miles southwest of Pagosa Springs. The burn will cover 4,800 acres on Southern Ute Indian Tribe land. The project is weather dependent, so exact dates may vary. The purpose of the burn is to reduce hazardous fuel accumulations and to improve wildlife habitat. Smoke may be visible from Pagosa Springs, Arboles, the U.S. Highway 160 corridor and surrounding areas. During this period, the Columbine District of the U.S. Forest Service is also conducting a prescribed fire in the Fosset Gulch/Yellow Jacket area. Potential smoke impacts will be managed between Bureau of Indian Affairs and Forest Service fire managers. For more information, call the Bureau of Indian Affairs Fire Management Office at 563-4571.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/national-solar-tour-to-highlight-durango-homes/</link>
        <title>National Solar Tour to highlight Durango homes</title>
        <description>The American Solar Energy Society’s National Solar Tour will feature a Durango-area solar home tour from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Oct. 8.Courtesy of J. Lawler Duggan for The Washington Post The tour will showcase solar innovation and is an...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 07 Sep 2016 09:32:28 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=5463129F-E57E-4470-BBA0-3DC39883F68E&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[The American Solar Energy Society’s National Solar Tour will feature a Durango-area solar home tour from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Oct. 8.Courtesy of J. Lawler Duggan for The Washington Post The American Solar Energy Society’s National Solar Tour will feature a Durango-area solar home tour from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Oct. 8. The tour will showcase solar innovation and is an opportunity for people to see a diversity of solar applications. Tickets are on sale at http://bit.ly/2cGImBg. They will also available at the Durango Farmers Market on Sept. 24, Oct. 1 and Oct. 8. The American Solar Energy Society’s National Solar Tour will feature a Durango-area solar home tour from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Oct. 8.Courtesy of J. Lawler Duggan for The Washington Post The tour will showcase solar innovation and is an opportunity for people to see a diversity of solar applications. Tickets are on sale at […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/alaskans-live-among-bears-both-real-and-brightly-colored/</link>
        <title>Alaskans live among bears – both real and brightly colored</title>
        <description>Painted bears aim to raise awareness</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 03 Sep 2016 22:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Painted bears aim to raise awareness ANCHORAGE, Alaska – Alaska’s largest city is home to more than 300 grizzly and black bears – and now more than a dozen multicolored ones. Life-size statues painted by city artists for a public art installation called “Bears on Parade” are popping up as part of an effort to raise awareness that if you live in Anchorage, you live near bears. “The whole point of this was to engage in conversation about bears and their habitat – the food that they eat, where they live,” said Brenda Carlson, a tourism official who helped organize the program. The city spans 1,958 square miles, but people occupy only about 204 square miles, according to the state Department of Fish and Game. The rest of Anchorage includes national forest, a state wildlife refuge, 55 to 65 grizzlies and 250 to 350 black bears. Bears can be deadly if they are surprised. To minimize maulings, the department’s Anchorage Bear Committee, which is dedicated to local bear conservation, tries to educate people about how to live alongside the animals. “Not all bears eat salmon,” said Carlson, also a committee member. “Some eat berries, depending on where they are. We really wanted it to spark conversation about the bears.” The panel wanted to coordinate the installation of statues with a summer conference of 700 international bear scientists brought to Anchorage by the International Association for Bear Research & Management. Carlson reached out to America’s Fiberglass Animals of Seward, Nebraska, which has helped create more than 300 public art projects with fiberglass sculptures. Fifteen bears arrived by flatbed truck looking like polar bears – completely white. Sponsors paid either $1,750 or $3,000 for bears. So far, 13 have been painted, sealed and erected. Artists received loose instructions. The adornment had to be family-friendly and reflect the beauty of Alaska, Carlson said. One bear has a birch forest painted on its side, while others are painted with rivers, wildflowers or the northern lights. A bear sponsored by an ice cream shop has a tongue that appears to be licking ice cream off its face. “I love that tongue,” Carlson said, and it could fit into the theme of what a bear should not eat – human food. “Make sure your trash is put away, because that trash bear will be a problem,” she said. The statues arrived too late for the early summer bear conference, but some scientists will benefit. The committee is donating nearly $8,000 from statue sponsorships to the next conference to cover scientists’ expenses.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/africas-elephants-rapidly-declining-as-poaching-thrives/</link>
        <title>Africa’s elephants rapidly declining as poaching thrives</title>
        <description>Africa’s savanna elephant population plummeted by about 30 percent from 2007 to 2014 and is declining at about 8 percent a year, said a survey funded by Microsoft co-founder and philanthropist Paul Allen. “If we can’t save the African elephant,...</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2016 22:58:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[The number of savanna elephants in Africa is rapidly declining and the animals are in danger of being wiped out as international and domestic ivory trades drive poaching across the continent, according to a new study. Africa’s savanna elephant population plummeted by about 30 percent from 2007 to 2014 and is declining at about 8 percent a year, said a survey funded by Microsoft co-founder and philanthropist Paul Allen. “If we can’t save the African elephant, what is the hope of conserving the rest of Africa’s wildlife?” elephant ecologist Mike Chase, the lead researcher, said in a statement. “I am hopeful that, with the right tools, research, conservation efforts and political will, we can help conserve elephants for decades to come.” The aerial survey covered 18 countries using dozens of airplanes to fly the equivalent of going to the moon and partway back. The study, known as the Great Elephant Census and involving 90 scientists, estimated a population of 352,271 savanna elephants. Overall, researchers spotted about 12 carcasses for every 100 live elephants, indicating poaching at a high enough level to cause population decline. But the rates were much higher than that in some countries. Angola, Mozambique and Tanzania experienced greater population declines than previously known, and elephants face local extinction in parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon and Zambia, the study said. It also says numbers of elephants in South Africa, Uganda and parts of Malawi and Kenya were stable or partly increasing. Results of the study were announced ahead of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature World Conservation Congress in Honolulu. Allen, who provided $7 million for the effort, said he decided to launch the census after hearing three years ago that there had not been a comprehensive count of African elephants in decades. “I took my first trip to Africa in 2006 and have been fascinated by elephants ever since,” he said. “They are intelligent, expressive and dignified – but not to be underestimated. So, as this latest poaching crisis began escalating, I felt compelled to do something about it.” The research team used the limited existing data as a baseline for the study. But this survey is more comprehensive and will serve as a more reliable baseline for future observations, the team said. Its methodology involves manually counting animals while maintaining a specific altitude and following calibrated strips of land below the plane. The method is widely used for surveying animals on large plots of land and was the most accurate method of three tested on a known population in Africa, Chase said. The team also used video surveillance when counting big herds. Ivory trading that threatens elephants is banned internationally. But the domestic trade of ivory within countries is legal nearly everywhere. A motion being considered at the Hawaii conference seeks to change that by gaining international consensus to close all domestic ivory markets, noting that illegal killing of elephants for their tusks threatens national security, hinders economic development and endangers those tasked with protecting the animals. U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping announced their commitment last year to combatting wildlife trafficking. The leaders promised to work toward a nearly complete ban on ivory imports and exports and an end to the domestic ivory trade. The decline in savanna elephants, like the dwindling numbers of African forest elephants, is directly tied to criminal poaching activities, some with ties to terrorist groups, according to Washington’s nonprofit Environmental Investigation Agency. “Trade in ivory has been a driver of destabilization wherever it occurs in Africa,” agency President Allan Thornton said. Thornton said one-time auctions of stockpiled ivory to China and Japan in 2008 resulted in a spike in illegal poaching, and the rate of decline among Africa’s elephants has been accelerating since. In areas with a high rate of population decline, the savanna turns into an overgrown thicket devoid of grasslands that sustain other wildlife and becomes overrun by disease-carrying tsetse flies, said James Deutsch, director of Allen’s Vulcan Inc. Wildlife Conservation. Furthermore, that land becomes useless for tourism when the elephants are removed, he said. “Once you remove elephants from parks, it becomes very hard to gain the political will to maintain those parks,” Deutsch said. U.N. Environment deputy head Ibrahim Thiaw said African nations are realizing that wildlife is worth saving because it brings in tourist dollars to fund education, health care and infrastructure. “As depressing as these numbers are, I hope they act as a further spark for action and change,” Thiaw said in a statement. “The Great Elephant Census tells us we must act, and now.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/rare-whales-recovery-hurt-by-entanglements-scientists-say/</link>
        <title>Rare whale’s recovery hurt by entanglements, scientists say</title>
        <description>Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Superintendent Malia Chow says this humpback whale is emaciated and covered in whale lice, and at least four sharks were following it. She says these are all indicators of a whale in distress.Ryan...</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2016 21:56:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Superintendent Malia Chow says this humpback whale is emaciated and covered in whale lice, and at least four sharks were following it. She says these are all indicators of a whale in distress.Ryan Hall/NOAA via AP PORTLAND, Maine – The ability of an endangered whale species to recover is jeopardized by increasing rates of entanglement in fishing gear and a resultant drop in birth rates, according to scientists who study the animal. The population of North Atlantic right whales has slowly crept up from about 300 in 1992 to about 500 in 2010. But a study that appeared this month in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science said the number of baby right whales born every year has declined by nearly 40 percent since 2010. Study author Scott Kraus, a scientist with the New England Aquarium in Boston who worked on the study, said the whales’ population suffers even when they survive entanglements in fishing gear. He said data suggest those entanglements have long-term negative physical and reproductive effects on them. “They are carrying heavy gear around, and they can’t move as fast or they can’t feed as effectively,” Kraus told The Associated Press in an interview. “And it looks like it affects their ability to reproduce because it means they can’t put on enough fat to have a baby.” Entanglements have surpassed ship strikes as a leading danger to right whales in recent years. Forty-four percent of diagnosed right whale deaths were due to ship strikes and 35 percent were due to entanglements from 1970 to 2009, the study said. From 2010 to 2015, 15 percent of diagnosed deaths were due to ship strikes and 85 percent were due to entanglements, it said. There is reason to believe the entanglements could harm conservation efforts despite recent positive signs on the whales’ recovery, Kraus said. Researchers said earlier this year that they were beginning to see more of the whales in Cape Cod Bay, and that was a good sign. Stormy Mayo, a senior scientist at the Center for Coastal Studies in Provincetown, said the drive to make fishing gear safer for the whales could be key to saving them. “There’s a great deal of work being done to try to change the configurations of various kinds of fishing gear or the methods of fishing to reduce entanglement,” he told the AP. North Atlantic right whales are among the most endangered species of whales in the world. They spend the warm months feeding in areas off the Northeastern states and Canada and spend the winter off Southern states, where they give birth. They are called right whales because they were hunted relentless during the whaling era, when they were considered the “right” whale to hunt because they were slow and floated when killed.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/lightning-strike-kills-323-reindeer-in-norway/</link>
        <title>Lightning strike kills 323 reindeer in Norway</title>
        <description>More than 300 wild reindeer have been killed by lightning in central Norway. The Norwegian Environment Agency has released eerie images showing a jumble of reindeer carcasses scattered across a small area on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau.Havard Kjotvedt /Norwegian Environment...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2016 09:29:48 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=C1E060B5-3BD7-4132-92E7-05151157AB25&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[More than 300 wild reindeer have been killed by lightning in central Norway. The Norwegian Environment Agency has released eerie images showing a jumble of reindeer carcasses scattered across a small area on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau.Havard Kjotvedt /Norwegian Environment Agency, NTB scanpix, via AP The macabre images released Monday by the Norwegian Environment Agency look like something out of a wildlife zombie apocalypse movie, or the aftermath of a cervid “Game Of Thrones” battle: a treeless landscape dotted with hundreds upon hundreds of reindeer corpses. The 323 reindeer were killed by lightning on Friday, the agency said, in a rare natural massacre that counts as the deadliest lightning strike ever recorded. It took place in a private hunting area of the Hardangervidda mountain plateau in central southern Norway, a verdant and frigid tableau of streams, rocks and glaciers that is home to one of the largest reindeer herds in Europe. Officials told AFP that a gamekeeper stumbled upon the eerie scene on Friday and that 70 young reindeer were among the victims. Five animals had to be euthanized, said officials, who told the news service that they weren’t sure what they would do with the bodies. The gamekeeper told NTB, the Norwegian news agency, that samples of the carcasses were sent to a state veterinary institute, which would officially determine the cause of death. “We’ve never seen anything like this on this scale,” said agency official Kjartan Knutsen.”There were very strong storms in the area on Friday. The animals stay close together in bad weather and these ones were hit by lightning.” Death by lightning isn’t terribly unusual, of course. According to the National Weather Service, 32 people in the United States have been unlucky enough to die that way so far this year. About 350 people here have been killed by lighting since 2006, the agency says. Guinness World Records says the “worst lightning strike disaster”occurred in 1971, when a bolt took down a commercial airplane in Peru, killing 91 people. So it follows that animals, most of which spend the majority or all of their lives in the great outdoors, also meet their end this way, though the record-keeping on those fatalities is assumed to be spotty at best. Cattle and sheep are common victims. Guinness reports that the largest recorded number of livestock killed by a single lightning bolt is 68; they were Jersey cows struck in Australia in 2005. (Three cows were briefly paralyzed but recovered.) In March, 21 cows in South Dakota were killed when lightning struck the metal bale feeder they were eating from, leaving their hulking dark carcasses frozen in an eerie circle. Sea lions, caribou and wild turkeys have also been documented lightning victims, as have elephants, antelope, a sort-of-famous TV giraffe and a flock of 52 geese in Canada in 1932. The fowl were collected for “wild goose dinners,” according to a news account turned up by science blogger Darren Naish. Naish wrote that most animals are killed by currents that run through the ground, not from direct strikes. Among the more well-known animal lightning strike victims is a bison who resides at Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge in Iowa. A wildlife biologist discovered the bull, bloodied and emaciated, in the summer of 2013. The reserve decided to “let nature take its course,” according to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife account -- and against the odds, the bison’s tale had a happy ending. Nearly three years later, he seemed to be doing just fine, one large hairless patch of shoulder notwithstanding. And he had been given a fitting name: Sparky.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/in-drought-drones-help-california-farmers-save-every-drop/</link>
        <title>In drought, drones help California farmers save every drop</title>
        <description>Equipped with a state-of-the-art thermal camera, the drone crisscrossed the field, scanning it for cool, soggy patches where a gopher may have chewed through the buried drip irrigation line and caused a leak. In the drought-prone West, where every drop...</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 07:52:10 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[LOS BANOS, Calif. – A drone whirred to life in a cloud of dust, then shot hundreds of feet skyward for a bird’s-eye view of a vast tomato field in California’s Central Valley, the nation’s most productive farming region. Equipped with a state-of-the-art thermal camera, the drone crisscrossed the field, scanning it for cool, soggy patches where a gopher may have chewed through the buried drip irrigation line and caused a leak. In the drought-prone West, where every drop of water counts, California farmers are in a constant search for ways to efficiently use the increasingly scarce resource. Cannon Michael is putting drone technology to work on his fields at Bowles Farming Co. near Los Banos, 120 miles southeast of San Francisco. About 2,100 companies and individuals have federal permission to fly drones for farming, according to the drone industry’s Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International. Federal regulators Monday relaxed the rules on small, commercial drones, a move that could spur even greater use of such aircraft on farms. Michael is descended from Henry Miller, a renowned cattle rancher, farmer and Western landowner who helped transform semi-arid central California into fertile farmland 150 years ago by building irrigation canals, some still flowing today. Six generations later, Michael farms a 17-square-mile portion of that same land, growing melons, carrots, onions, cotton and almonds, while carrying on in the same pioneering spirit as Miller. “I’ve always been a big fan of technology,” said Michael, 44, mindful of how climate change is making water more precious. “I think it’s really the only way we’re going to stay in business.” On his 2,400-acre tomato crop alone, Michael estimates that this year his leak-detecting drones could save enough water to sustain more than 550 families of four for a year. California endured the driest four-year period on record before a relatively wet and snowy winter this year overflowed some reservoirs in the northern part of the state. Southern California, however, remains dry, and the statewide drought has not ended. Beyond California, drones are becoming fixtures on farms in places such as Canada, Australia, South Africa and Latin America as they become more affordable and easier to use, said Ian Smith of DroneDeploy, a San Francisco-based industry leader in drone software development. A farmer can order a commercial-grade drone online for $2,000 and receive it in the mail days later, he said. Its video camera is then paired up with a smartphone or computer tablet that is used to control the drone. “Hook it up to a smartphone. Boom. Take off and you’re in business,” Smith said. Many farmers, however, have yet to grasp the full potential beyond capturing video images of crops or using infrared cameras to spot color variations in the plants that can signal a problem. Few have used technology and invested in it to the degree Michael has. This year he began using the thermal camera, which can cost up to $10,000 and can show moisture variations in soil. He also created a new management position at his company dedicated to overseeing drones. Recently, Danny Royer, the new vice president of technology at Bowles, stood at the tailgate of his pickup studying live images transmitted to the screen of his tablet as a drone buzzed 300 feet overhead. Rows of mature tomato plants appeared on the screen in glowing burnt orange, indicating warmer, drier areas, while dark patches of purple showed the cool moist soil hidden below the plants. After taking the images back to his office to analyze them, he decided there were no leaks to repair, but the soil needed to be enriched in places to help the field grow evenly. On Monday, the Federal Aviation Administration eased the rules so that operators of commercial drones that weigh less than 55 pounds will no longer need to go through the long, expensive process of earning an airplane pilot’s license. Instead, they will have to take a written test – but not an actual flying test at the controls of a plane – and will be issued a drone license for $150. The rule change and emerging technology could make drones more attractive tools for farmers, said Brandon Stark, director of the University of California’s Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Safety, based at the Merced campus. However, he said that until federal regulators clarify parts of the new rules, commercial drones must continue to fly below 400 feet, limiting their use on very large fields. Stark is seeking what he calls the Holy Grail of drone use in agriculture – enabling them to directly diagnose what ails a tree, whether it’s deficiencies in water or nutrients, or a pest – without having to send a person into the field. “We’re just getting started,” Stark said. “The research is really still in its infancy.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/obama-creates-worlds-largest-marine-protected-area-off-coast-of-hawaii/</link>
        <title>Obama creates world’s largest marine protected area off coast of Hawaii</title>
        <description>G. Umi Kai uses a traditional Hawaiian hook to catch a fish at the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument in Hawaii. President Barack Obama expanded the national monument off the coast of Hawaii, creating the world’s largest marine protected area.Keola Lindsey/Office...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 26 Aug 2016 22:06:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=1091F871-00DC-4A67-A81A-6553BCF12C01&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[G. Umi Kai uses a traditional Hawaiian hook to catch a fish at the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument in Hawaii. President Barack Obama expanded the national monument off the coast of Hawaii, creating the world’s largest marine protected area.Keola Lindsey/Office of Hawaiian Affairs via AP WASHINGTON – President Barack Obama on Friday expanded a national monument off the coast of Hawaii, creating a safe zone for tuna, sea turtles and thousands of other species in what will be the world’s largest marine protected area. Obama’s proclamation quadrupled in size a monument originally created by President George W. Bush in 2006. The Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument will contain some 582,578 square miles, more than twice the size of Texas. The president is slated to travel to the monument next week to mark the new designation and cite the need to protect public lands and waters from climate change. The president was born in Hawaii and spent much of his childhood there. In expanding the monument, Obama cited its “diverse ecological communities” as well as “great cultural significance to the Native Hawaiian community and a connection to early Polynesian culture worthy of protection and understanding.” The monument designation bans commercial fishing and any new mining, as is the case within the existing monument. Recreational fishing will be allowed through a permit, as will be scientific research and the removal of fish and other resources for Native Hawaiian cultural practices. The regional council that manages U.S. waters in the Pacific Islands voiced disappointment with Obama’s decision, saying it “serves a political legacy” rather than a conservation benefit. The council recommends catch limits and other steps designed to sustain fisheries. It said it recommended other expansion options that would have minimized impacts to the Hawaii longline fishery, which supplies a large portion of the fresh tuna and other fish consumed in Hawaii. “Closing 60 percent of Hawaii’s waters to commercial fishing, when science is telling us that it will not lead to more productive local fisheries, makes no sense,” said Edwin Ebiusi Jr., chairman of the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council “Today is a sad day in the history of Hawaii’s fisheries and a negative blow to our local food security.” Sean Martin, the president of the Hawaii Longline Association, said his organization was disappointed Obama closed an area nearly the size of Alaska without a public process. “This action will forever prohibit American fishermen from accessing those American waters. Quite a legacy indeed,” he said in an email to The Associated Press. The Pew Charitable Trusts helped lead the push to expand the monument. It says research shows that very large, fully protected marine reserves are necessary to rebuild fish populations and diversity of species. “By expanding the monument, President Obama has increased protections for one of the most biologically and culturally significant places on the planet” said Joshua S. Reichert, an executive vice president at Pew. The White House is describing the expansion as helping to protect more than 7,000 species and improving the resiliency of an ecosystem dealing with ocean acidification and warming. It also is emphasizing that the expanded area is considered a sacred place for Native Hawaiians. Shipwrecks and downed aircraft from the Battle of Midway in World War II dot the expansion area. The battle marked a major shift in the war. Obama will travel to the Midway Atoll to discuss the expansion. With the announcement, Obama will have created or expanded 26 national monuments. The administration said Obama has protected more acreage through national monument designations than any other president. The White House said the expansion is a response to a proposal from Democratic Sen. Brian Schatz and prominent Native Hawaiian leaders. The federal government will also give Hawaii’s Department of Natural Resources and Office of Hawaiian Affairs a greater role in managing the monument, an arrangement requested by Schatz and Gov. David Ige. Ige signed off on the expansion Wednesday, telling Obama in a letter that there had been tremendous debate on the issue locally. In the end, he decided the “proposal strikes the right balance at this time for the waters surrounding the Hawaiian Islands, and it can be a model for sustainability in the other oceans of planet Earth.” But American Samoa’s delegate in the House of Representatives, Aumua Amata, said the monument expansion would place an already economically challenged territory at greater risk. “Our local fishing industry, which comprises more than 80 percent of the local economy, depends heavily on access to these waters,” Amata said. –––– On Twitter, reach Kevin Freking at https://twitter.com/APkfreking]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/mice-quarantine-themselves-when-sick-a-lesson-for-us-all/</link>
        <title>Mice quarantine themselves when sick – a lesson for us all</title>
        <description>In a study published in the journal Scientific Reports, biologist Patricia Lopes describes how wild mice living in an abandoned barn in Switzerland began to avoid their social groups when they felt ill.Associated Press file photo The cloth contained fleas...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2016 11:04:58 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a study published in the journal Scientific Reports, biologist Patricia Lopes describes how wild mice living in an abandoned barn in Switzerland began to avoid their social groups when they felt ill.Associated Press file photo In 1665, a bundle of cloth from London arrived at the door of the tailor for the village of Eyam, a tiny community in the midlands of England. Within a week, the tailor’s assistant was dead. The cloth contained fleas that carried the bubonic plague, and it didn’t take long for the disease to spread throughout the village. But the destructiveness of the disease is less impressive than the valor of its victims: the villagers voluntarily quarantined themselves to prevent the plague from spreading into the surrounding countryside. In little over a year, all but 83 of Eyam’s 350 or so residents were dead. But the infection had been contained. The Eyam case has been heralded as a rare example of astonishing self-sacrifice. But some scientists believe that each of us does something similar, however unintentionally, when we are ill. According to the “Eyam hypothesis,” sickness behaviors – the set of coordinated behavioral changes, such as depression, lethargy and loss of appetite, that help the body cope with illness and injury - might have evolved in part because they make us more reclusive, thereby preventing us from spreading our disease. By refusing food, sleeping all the time and avoiding others, we could be saving our friends and family from our fate. This hypothesis hasn’t been proven experimentally. But it just got a boost thanks to some rather selfless mice. In a study published in the journal Scientific Reports, biologist Patricia Lopes describes how wild mice living in an abandoned barn in Switzerland began to avoid their social groups when they felt ill. When she and her colleagues modeled the effects of this behavior change, they found that it dramatically slowed down the spread of disease. “We don’t know why the mice are doing this,” Lopes said, “But as a consequence of the sick mouse changing its behavior and moving away from the nest, its relatives would have a better chance of not getting the disease and surviving, and they would pass on genes that are common to the sick mouse. ... That could make the behavior evolutionarily advantageous.” The individual advantages of sickness behavior are well known. Lack of hunger means that animals don’t need to waste energy and expose themselves to attack by foraging for food. A lower threshold for pain ensures that they are extra gentle with the injured body part. Overall lethargy means the body’s energy can be directed entirely toward maintaining a fever – the most metabolically taxing part of the immune response. But the benefits of some aspects of response are less clear. Why, for example, do animals become anxious and depressed when sick? Why do they stop grooming, which makes their fur and feathers better insulators? Keren and Guy Shakhar, the immunologists who named the “Eyam hypothesis,” point out that anorexia deprives sick animals of calories needed to fuel a fever. They also argue that the presence of sickness behavior even in illnesses that aren’t accompanied by fever indicates that there might be another reason for the adaptation: altruism. “If gains to direct fitness cannot fully explain [sickness behavior], perhaps inclusive fitness could come into play,” they wrote in the journal PLOS Biology. “We propose that reduced transmission of infectious disease among related individuals contributed to the evolution of [sickness behavior].” Mice, which live in close-knit social groups, offer a good test for this theory. Lopes, a researcher at the University of Zurich, looked at 257 wild mice living in about a dozen groups in a huge abandoned barn. Each mouse was outfitted with a radio identification tag, and their nests bore antennae that pinged whenever a mouse entered. This allowed Lopes and her colleagues to monitor where the mice were and who they were with. To test for sickness behavior in her mice, Lopes injected a few hosts with a bit of bacterial cell wall - which, much like a vaccine, elicited an immune response from the mice without actually making them sick. Immediately, she noticed that the “host” mice were spending much less time with the rest of their social groups. This wasn’t because their peers were avoiding them; the healthy rodents were no less likely to enter a nest containing a sick mouse than a healthy one. But the sick mice spent less time visiting other animals and were more likely to linger inside nests that were uninhabited. Overall, the hosts interacted far less with their social groups than they normally would. And 40 percent of the mice avoided any social contact at all. There’s no obvious individual advantage to this. Though it’s common for animals to hide when sick to avoid predation, the mice would have been just as well protected in a nest full of their buddies as in one where they were alone. In addition, the study was conducted during winter, when mice usually huddle together for warmth. Voluntarily quarantining themselves would have made the sick mice more vulnerable, not less. But Lopes’s models suggest another possibility. The social isolation she observed in her mice would lead to a drastic reduction in disease spread, according to computer models. In her simulation, when 40 percent of sick mice quarantined themselves from their social groups, only about a quarter of the group got sick. Without quarantine, it was likely that the entire social group would be infected. This suggests that behavioral changes like depression, lethargy and a lack of interest in grooming could promote inclusive fitness - the likelihood that an animal’s genes will be passed to the next generation via the organism itself or its close kin, who share many of the same genes. It’s important to note that the mice aren’t quarantining themselves consciously as the people in Eyam did. And the idea that an evolutionary mechanism might be behind this behavior still needs to be proven experimentally. Lopes and her colleagues have plans for a follow-up study that would examine whether isolation decreases when the mice in a social group are less closely related. “We’d expect that groups with less-related animals might do this less,” Lopes said. Perhaps that’s not so noble as the self-sacrifice of Eyam. But it’s still pretty good for a mouse.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/news/california-island-foxes-removed-from-endangered-species-list/</link>
        <title>California island foxes removed from endangered species list</title>
        <description>They have rebounded to the point where U.S. wildlife officials recently removed three subspecies of island fox from the roster of federally endangered species, hailing their comeback as the fastest recovery of any mammal listed under the Endangered Species Act....</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 19 Aug 2016 21:59:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[LOS ANGELES – Not long ago, foxes native to the Channel Islands off the California coast teetered on the edge of extinction. They have rebounded to the point where U.S. wildlife officials recently removed three subspecies of island fox from the roster of federally endangered species, hailing their comeback as the fastest recovery of any mammal listed under the Endangered Species Act. The diminutive foxes that roam San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands were placed on the endangered list in 2004 after their populations were nearly wiped out by golden eagles. Scientists credited the swift recovery to an effort to relocate predators and breed foxes in captivity so they can be reintroduced to the wild. “We’re ecstatic that we’ve reached this point so quickly,” said Steve Henry, field supervisor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s office in Ventura. About the size of a house cat, the island foxes – with their gray coats and reddish-brown ears – are only found on six of the eight Channel Islands where they have lived for thousands of years. Populations have returned to self-sustaining levels ranging from an estimated 700 foxes on San Miguel Island to 2,100 foxes on Santa Cruz Island. Centuries ago, ranchers and farmers imported nonnative animals such as pigs, cattle and sheep to the islands. Golden eagles migrated after native, fish-eating bald eagles were wiped out by the discharge of chemical DDT off the coast. The golden eagles preyed on piglets and hunted foxes. By 2000, there were only 15 foxes each on San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands and 55 foxes on Santa Cruz Island. The wildlife service partnered with the National Park Service, Nature Conservancy and Catalina Island Conservancy to hatch an aggressive plan that included moving golden eagles to Northern California, reintroducing bald eagles to the islands, vaccinating foxes and breeding them in captivity. The effort was not without controversy. Thousands of pigs were shot and killed, angering animal rights groups. Wildlife officials said eliminating pigs was necessary to force golden eagles to forage elsewhere and help the foxes bounce back. The islands’ remoteness also played a key role in the foxes’ resurgence, giving scientists better control over recovery efforts than if they happened on the mainland. Years ago, “you would not have seen a fox. Now, you go out there and you don’t have to wait very long before a fox crosses your path,” said Scott Morrison of the Nature Conservancy, which co-owns Santa Cruz Island. Funding for the yearslong recovery came from public and private sources and included volunteer time. Officials did not have an estimate of the overall cost but said the captive rearing and monitoring portions of the program cost about $20 million. With the fox delisting, 19 animals and plants have been pulled from the endangered species list since President Barack Obama took office, more than previous administrations, wildlife service director Dan Ashe said. The last U.S. mammal to be removed from the list in record time was the eastern Steller sea lion in 2013 after more than two decades. Since the Endangered Species Act passed in 1973, 37 species have recovered. Biologists planned to monitor foxes on the northern Channel Islands by conducting periodic health checks and tagging select foxes with radio collars. Technician Stacy Baker used a tool Thursday to examine the teeth of a 3-year-old female fox on Santa Cruz Island. After giving it a clean bill of health, the fox scampered into the underbrush. Foxes on Santa Catalina Island – a tourist destination – also are recovering but not as fast as their counterparts on the northern Channel Islands. Their numbers plummeted in the 1990s after an outbreak of canine distemper, likely brought over from the mainland. Federal officials downgraded the status of the Catalina foxes from endangered to threatened because disease outbreak remains a concern.]]></content:encoded>
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