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    <title>Southwest Life</title>
    <category>Southwest Life</category>
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    <description>Stay informed with the latest breaking news, local stories, sports, business, weather, and community events from Durango, Southwest Colorado, and the Four Corners region.</description>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/mass-fossil-site-in-utah-may-prove-tyrannosaurs-lived-in-packs/</link>
        <title>Mass fossil site in Utah may prove tyrannosaurs lived in packs</title>
        <description>Remains show evidence for social behavior</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2021 20:32:15 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Remains show evidence for social behavior SALT LAKE CITY – Ferocious tyrannosaur dinosaurs may not have been solitary predators as long envisioned, but more like social carnivores such as wolves, new research unveiled Monday found. Paleontologists developed the theory while studying a mass tyrannosaurus death site found seven years ago in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah, one of two monuments the Biden administration is considering restoring to its full size after former President Donald Trump downsized them. Using geochemical analysis of the bones and rock, a team of researchers with the University of Arkansas determined that the dinosaurs died and were buried in the same place and were not the result of fossils washing in from multiple areas. The new Utah site is the third mass tyrannosaur grave site that’s been discovered in North America – bolstering a theory first developed 20 years ago that they lived in packs. However, more research needs to be done to make that argument, said Kristi Curry Rogers, a biology professor at Macalester College who wasn’t involved in the research but reviewed the finding Monday. “It is a little tougher to be so sure that these data mean that these tyrannosaurs lived together in the good times,” Rogers said. “It’s possible that these animals may have lived in the same vicinity as one another without traveling together in a social group, and just came together around dwindling resources as times got tougher.” In 2014, Bureau of Land Management paleontologist Alan Titus discovered the site, which was later named the Rainbows and Unicorns quarry because of the vast array of fossils contained inside. Excavation has been ongoing since the site’s discovery because of the size of the area and volume of bones. “I consider this a once-in-a-lifetime discovery for myself,” Titus told reporters during a virtual news conference. “I probably won’t find another site this exciting and scientifically significant during my career.” The social tyrannosaurs theory began over 20 years ago when more than a dozen tyrannosaurs were found at a site in Alberta, Canada. Another mass death site in Montana again raised the possibility of social tyrannosaurs. Many scientists questioned the theory, arguing that the dinosaurs didn’t have the brainpower to engage in sophisticated social interaction, Titus said. “Going that next step to understand behavior and how animals behave requires really amazing evidence,” Joseph Sertich, curator of dinosaurs at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, said at the news conference. “I think that this site, the spectacular collection of tyrannosaurs but also the other assembled pieces of evidence ... pushes us to the point where we can show some evidence for behavior.” In addition to the tyrannosaurs, researchers have also found seven species of turtles, multiple fish and ray species, two other kinds of dinosaurs and a nearly complete skeleton of a juvenile Deinosuchus alligator. These other animals do not appear to have all died together. Paleontology groups have been among those pushing the federal government to restore the Bears Ears National Monument and Grand Staircase-Escalante to their original sizes to protect the region’s rich paleontological and archaeological record. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland visited southern Utah earlier this month as she prepared to submit recommendations about whether to reverse Trump’s decision to downsize the monuments. Titus said he showed Haaland some of the fossils at his lab during her visit and said she “appreciated getting to see the material.” “The (Bureau of Land Management) is protecting these fossils as national treasures.” Titus said. “They’re part of the story of how North America came to be and how ultimately we came to be.” Sophia Eppolito is a corps member for the Associated Press/Report for America Statehouse News Initiative. Report for America is a nonprofit national service program that places journalists in local newsrooms to report on undercovered issues.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/a-first-water-shortage-may-be-declared-in-lakes-powell-mead/</link>
        <title>A first: Water shortage may be declared in lakes Powell, Mead</title>
        <description>Electricity generation at Hoover Dam may be affected</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 2021 17:48:11 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Electricity generation at Hoover Dam may be affected CARSON CITY, Nev. – The human-made lakes that store water supplying millions of people in the U.S. West and Mexico are projected to shrink to historic lows in the coming months, dropping to levels that could trigger the federal government’s first-ever official shortage declaration and prompt cuts in Arizona and Nevada. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation released 24-month projections this week forecasting that less Colorado River water will cascade down from the Rocky Mountains through Lake Powell and Lake Mead and into the arid deserts of the U.S. Southwest and the Gulf of California. Water levels in the two lakes are expected to plummet low enough for the agency to declare an official shortage for the first time, threatening the supply of Colorado River water that growing cities and farms rely on. It comes as climate change means less snowpack flows into the river and its tributaries, and hotter temperatures parch soil and cause more river water to evaporate as it streams through the drought-plagued American West. The agency’s models project Lake Mead will fall below 1,075 feet for the first time in June 2021. That’s the level that prompts a shortage declaration under agreements negotiated by seven states that rely on Colorado River water: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. The April projections, however, will not have binding impact. Federal officials regularly issue long-term projections but use those released each August to make decisions about how to allocate river water. If projections don’t improve by then, the Bureau of Reclamation will declare a Level 1 shortage condition. The cuts would be implemented in January. Arizona, Nevada and Mexico have voluntarily given up water under a drought contingency plan for the river signed in 2019. A shortage declaration would subject the two U.S. states to their first mandatory reductions. Both rely on the Colorado River more than any other water source, and Arizona stands to lose about 18% of its supply. Water agency officials say they’re confident their preparation measures, including conservation and seeking out alternative sources, would allow them to withstand cuts if the drought lingers as expected. “The study, while significant, is not a surprise. It reflects the impacts of the dry and warm conditions across the Colorado River Basin this year, as well as the effects of a prolonged drought that has impacted the Colorado River water supply,” officials from the Arizona Department of Water Resources and Central Arizona Project said in a joint statement. In Nevada, the agency that supplies water to most of the state has constructed “straws” to draw water from farther down in Lake Mead as its levels fall. It also has created a credit system where it can bank recycled water back into the reservoir without having it count toward its allocation. Colby Pellegrino, director of water resources for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, reassured customers that those preparation measures would insulate them from the effects of cuts. But she warned that more action was needed. “It is incumbent upon all users of the Colorado River to find ways to conserve,” Pellegrino said in a statement. The Bureau of Reclamation also projected that Lake Mead will drop to the point they worried in the past could threaten electricity generation at Hoover Dam. The hydropower serves millions of customers in Arizona, California and Nevada. To prepare for a future with less water, the bureau has spent 10 years replacing parts of five of the dam’s 17 turbines that rotate to generate power. Len Schilling, a dam manager with the bureau, said the addition of wide-head turbines allow the dam to operate more efficiently at lower water levels. He said the turbines will be able to generate power almost to a point called “deadpool,” when there won’t be enough water for the dam to function. But Schilling said less water moving through Hoover Dam means less hydropower to go around. “As the elevation declines at the lake, then our ability to produce power declines as well because we have less water pushing on the turbines,” he said. The hydropower costs substantially less than the energy sold on the wholesale electricity market because the government charges customers only for the cost of producing it and maintaining the dam. Lincoln County Power District General Manager Dave Luttrell said infrastructure updates, less hydropower from Hoover Dam and supplemental power from other sources like natural gas raised costs and alarmed customers in his rural Nevada district. “Rural economies in Arizona and Nevada live and die by the hydropower that is produced at Hoover Dam. It might not be a big deal to NV Energy,” he said of Nevada’s largest utility. “It might be a decimal point to Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. But for Lincoln County, it adds huge impact.” Sam Metz is a corps member for the Associated Press/Report for America Statehouse News Initiative. Report for America is a nonprofit national service program that places journalists in local newsrooms to report on undercovered issues.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/low-flows-on-dolores-river-will-hurt-fish/</link>
        <title>Low flows on Dolores River will hurt fish</title>
        <description>Poor snowpack reduces release from McPhee Reservoir</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 24 Apr 2021 22:35:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Poor snowpack reduces release from McPhee Reservoir Below-average snowpack and ongoing drought will hurt flows and fish habitat below McPhee Dam going into spring and summer, according to Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Water releases from the dam are expected to be less than 15 cubic feet per second and could possibly drop as low as 3 cfs, said Jim White, CPW aquatic biologist, in a news release issued April 14. During normal snowpack years, McPhee Reservoir fills, and the allocated fish pool allows for a sustained dam release of 60 cfs in summer. Fish flows increase if snowpack runoff exceeds reservoir capacity, which prompts a recreational boating release. But a recreational water release will not happen this year because of below average snowpack and low reservoir carryover from last water season. As of April 19, Natural Resource Conservation Service’s Snotels in the Dolores Basin reported 32% of average snowpack for snow water equivalent. Trout and native fish will be adversely affected by the water shortage below the dam, White said. The 12-mile section of the Dolores River that flows through the Lone Dome State Wildlife Area from below the dam to Bradfield Bridge is a popular tail-water fishery. Most trout fishing is done within the first 6 miles. White said the lower flows will shrink the river habitat, and many brown and rainbow trout likely will die. The water coming out of the dam is about 42 degrees Fahrenheit, which is an ideal temperature for trout. But with such a low flow the water will warm quickly as it moves downstream. “This is going to impact the trout fishery,” White said. “I would expect to see about half or more of the trout fishery habitat suffer and lose much of the trout population.” White suggested that anglers fish early in the day and carry a thermometer to check the water temperature. Fishing should stop when the water hits 70 degrees.The roundtail chub is one of the native species in the Lower Dolores River.Colorado Parks and Wildlife file The low flows will also affect native fish that live in the lower reaches of the Dolores River – the flannelmouth sucker, the bluehead sucker and the roundtail chub. The fish, listed by CPW as species of concern, have adapted to warm water, but they still need pools and flowing water to survive. White is concerned about lower sections of the river drying up or being connected by only tiny rivulets. “I’m worried that the natives are going to be stuck in isolated pools throughout most of the year at these flows,” White said. Making the problem worse is the smallmouth bass, an invasive non-native fish that thrives in the lower Dolores River but preys on young native fish. Anglers are encouraged to fish for smallmouth bass; they are abundant, fairly easy to catch, tasty and have no bag or possession limit. As drought continues to grip the West, more and more rivers will face the same scenario – this year and beyond. “All of this is a result of three things: low snowpack, dry soil that will absorb runoff and no carryover water in the reservoir from last year,” White said. jmimiaga@the-journal.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/forecast-for-mcphee-irrigation-worst-ever/</link>
        <title>Forecast for McPhee irrigation ‘worst ever’</title>
        <description>Farmers expected to receive just a fraction of normal supply</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 24 Apr 2021 01:33:15 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Farmers expected to receive just a fraction of normal supplyBelow normal snowpack will lead to irrigation shortages this year out of McPhee Reservoir.The Journal file Runoff from below-average snowpack is forecast to result in the lowest project irrigation supply in McPhee Reservoir history. According to most probable forecast, Dolores River Basin snowmelt is expected to deliver 95,000 acre-feet of water to McPhee Reservoir, just 32% of the 295,000 acre-feet average, reports the Colorado River Basin Forecast Center. The forecast could also continue to drop. Full-service farmers of the Dolores Project are expected to receive just 1 inch per acre of irrigation water, or 4.5% of the 22 inches per acre provided when the reservoir fills, said Ken Curtis, general manager for the Dolores Water Conservancy District that manages McPhee. The forecast of 1 inch per acre is “the wost ever” for the Dolores Project, he said. The reservoir first filled in the late 1980s. The previous worst irrigation seasons for McPhee Reservoir were in 2013 and 2002, when farmers received 6 inches per acre. The amount of water predicted for this year is not enough for even one normal crop of alfalfa. With a full supply farmers typically get three to four crops of alfalfa per year. Farmers will be forced to consolidate crops into smaller acreage to produce anything on the limited water. This year’s forecast shows McPhee Reservoir will fill less than 40% of its 229,000 acre-feet active capacity, according to forecast models. The reservoir had no significant carryover supply from last year’s water season. Water shortages are across the board, except for domestic supplies for municipalities. Ute Farm and Ranch on the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation is predicted to receive about 2,000 acre-feet, or 8.5% of the 23,300 acre-feet delivered when the reservoir has a full supply. The water supply for downstream fish habitat dropped to less than 5,000 acre-feet of the 32,000 acre-feet provided when the reservoir fills. Ashley Nielson, a senior hydrologist with the Colorado River Basin Forecast Center, said snowpack in the Dolores Basin took hits from multiple angles. With the exception of a few good snowstorms, the basin has experienced an extended dry period since April 2020, she said. No monsoonal precipitation last summer dried out soils, which will cause snowmelt to be absorbed into the ground before it hits the river and McPhee. Below-normal snowpack further suffered from warm weather and high winds in April, plus dust on snow that sped up evaporation. April precipitation at the Lizard Head Pass Snotel is below normal, showing 0.2 inches, or 15% of the average 1.4 inches for the month. Farmers and water managers have been tracking a startling drop in snowpack in the past few weeks. On March 29, the Dolores Basin snowpack showed 83% of average for snow-water equivalent. On April 19, the snow-water equivalent had dropped to 32%. “It disappeared fast, and it could still get drier,” Curtis said. jmimiaga@the-journal.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/u-s-water-managers-warn-of-dismal-year-along-the-rio-grande/</link>
        <title>U.S. water managers warn of dismal year along the Rio Grande</title>
        <description>The Rio Grande flows through Rio Rancho, N.M., on April 13. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation released its annual operating plan for the river April 15, saying it’s going to be a tough year because of below average snowpack and...</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2021 15:33:52 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Rio Grande flows through Rio Rancho, N.M., on April 13. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation released its annual operating plan for the river April 15, saying it’s going to be a tough year because of below average snowpack and spring precipitation.Susan Montoya Bryan/Associated Press ALBUQUERQUE – It has been 30 years or so since residents in New Mexico’s largest city last saw their stretch of the Rio Grande go dry. There’s a possibility it could happen again this summer. Federal water managers released their annual operating plan for the Rio Grande on Thursday, and it doesn’t look good. Flows have been meager so far this year because of below-average snowpack in the mountains along the Colorado-New Mexico border that feed the river. Spring precipitation has done little to fill the void. Reservoirs are at a fraction of their capacity and continue to shrink. There is no opportunity to replenish them because the provisions of a water-sharing agreement with Texas prevent New Mexico from storing water upstream. That means the drought-stricken state has no extra water in the bank to fall back on, as it has in pervious years. Matters are further complicated because of extremely low soil moisture levels. That, along with warm temperatures, means much of the melting snow will be absorbed or evaporate before it reaches the river. “Just low dismal numbers all around,” Ed Kandl, a hydrologist with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation said during a virtual meeting that included representatives from municipalities, tribal governments, irrigation districts, state agencies and a rafting company. The Rio Grande is one of North America’s longest rivers and a major water source for millions people and thousands of square miles of farmland in New Mexico, Texas and Mexico. The Bureau of Reclamation warned Thursday that a stellar monsoon season would be the only saving grace, but the odds of that happening are slim. The Pecos River that delivers water to parts of eastern New Mexico and West Texas is in a similar situation, and federal officials recently issued a report indicating releases on the Colorado River – which feeds several western states – will continue to be limited because of the lack of water flowing into Lake Powell. So aside from residents in Albuquerque seeing sandbars take over the Rio Grande, farmers in central and southern New Mexico will have a shorter growing season with less water for crops. It also means less water for the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow. Plans already are being made for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to rescue fish from drying portions of the river. The rescue missions have become a regular practice in recent years. Near the small agricultural community of San Acacia, officials predicted that river drying would start in June and likely last through November, barring any relief from summer rains. Last year also was tough, but officials said 2021 will likely mark one of the worst since the 1950s. They said the state’s largest reservoir – Elephant Butte in southern New Mexico – could drop to just 3% of capacity. Carolyn Donnelly, the bureau’s water operations supervisor for the area, said contractors will be monitoring the river for drying as far north as Albuquerque, and managers will try to stretch what little water they have as far as it can go.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/dogs-multiply-as-pandemic-hinders-vet-service-on-navajo-nation/</link>
        <title>Dogs multiply as pandemic hinders vet service on Navajo Nation</title>
        <description>A sheepherding dog named Red rests in the morning sun before going out with the flock of Navajo rancher Leslie Dele outside Tuba City, Ariz., in April 2020. Because veterinary clinics closed during the pandemic, the dog population on the...</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 18 Apr 2021 19:03:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[A sheepherding dog named Red rests in the morning sun before going out with the flock of Navajo rancher Leslie Dele outside Tuba City, Ariz., in April 2020. Because veterinary clinics closed during the pandemic, the dog population on the Navajo Nation is estimated to have grown to 250,000.Associated Press file GALLUP, N.M. (AP) – Gloria Skeet used to run a couple of miles from her home to her sister’s place on the Navajo Nation just south of Gallup – until the dogs started to chase her. “It was around 2008 that I started developing anxiety because there was a pack of dogs that would follow me,” Skeet, the Bááháálí Chapter manager said. “I was running with my dogs and I felt safe with them, but after that man in Sundance was killed by a pack of dogs, I thought, ‘Oh my God, when are they going to find my dead body?’” Skeet was referring to Larry Armstrong, a 55-year-old Navajo man who was found dead in 2010 on a dirt road about 5 miles east of Gallup. When law enforcement found Armstrong, a pack of malnourished dogs was gnawing on his body. Armstrong, who suffered from seizures, died from dog bites, according to the autopsy. Skeet, who has rescued dozens of dogs and even adopted some from her community and from the side of the highway, said there are thousands of dogs roaming in the Bááháálí Chapter area, and they mostly belong to someone. She said some families can’t afford to feed them and let them roam, fend for themselves and multiply in numbers that have become unmanageable. “In just one Navajo camp, there are 92 dogs. And one family has about 18 dogs,” she said. “The thing is, the Navajo Nation has some really good laws but it does not have the capacity to enforce these laws.” Navajo Nation Animal Control Manager Kevin Gleason said homeowners are allowed to have up to four dogs. At Navajo Housing Authority rentals, tenants can have two. It’s hard to enforce those laws when the Navajo Nation has only six animal control officers for an area that spans about 27,000 square miles. Gleason said when his officers impound a dog, the violator “just gets another dog.” Last year, the pandemic forced Navajo authorities to shut down three of four animal shelters – in Tuba City and Many Farms, Arizona, and Shiprock, New Mexico. The only open shelter was in Fort Defiance, Arizona, and only two officers worked for most of 2020. Gleason said his officers normally pick up or receive about 20,000 to 30,000 dogs a year. About 80% to 90% of the animals taken to those shelters are euthanized. In 2020, his program picked up or received about 7,000. Gleason estimates the dog population on the reservation to be back at 250,000 dogs, just like 10 years ago. The pandemic not only affected the animal shelters, it also affected spay and neuter efforts and other veterinarian services on the Navajo Nation. Dr. Kelly Upshaw-Bia, Navajo Nation veterinarian with the Navajo Nation Veterinary Program based in Tse Bonito, said the vet mobile unit was not used during the pandemic. The unit typically travels through the Navajo Nation, providing massive vaccination and spay and neuter services in rural areas where otherwise families would not have access to vet services. Upshaw-Bia said spay and neuter efforts may help control the dog population, but she believes there’s a need for grassroots efforts and education in these communities. “Community support is important. I don’t know if we are there yet,” she said. She said there were times when the vet unit would go to rural communities where only a handful of people would show up with their animals. “That can be an issue. We try to pick up chapters that are more active,” Upshaw-Bia said. The Navajo Nation Veterinary Program has two vets on staff spaying and neutering every week, including Upshaw-Bia. In an average week, she spays and neuters 20 to 25 dogs. Spay and neuter efforts are provided to the community at the vet clinics on the Navajo Nation by appointment. Usually, they are booked a month in advance. “It would be nice to have more clinics, but you would need more veterinarians,” she said. Upshaw-Bia acknowledged attracting vets could be an issue if the Navajo Nation does not offer a competitive salary. Back at the Bááháálí Chapter, Skeet said the last time a mobile unit visited her community to conduct a spay and neuter clinic was many years ago. She’s certain her community would take advantage of a low-income spay and neuter clinic because when the tribe offers a “surrender day” for people to give up unwanted dogs, they show up with dozens of dogs and cats. “I know 99% of those dogs and cats are going to be euthanized, and I don’t want to be here when they have the surrender day. That breaks my heart,” she said.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/dolores-river-anglers-seeks-water-quality-protection-for-streams/</link>
        <title>Dolores River Anglers seeks water quality protection for streams</title>
        <description>Outstanding Waters status would preserve water quality, not affect water rights</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 17 Apr 2021 21:48:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Outstanding Waters status would preserve water quality, not affect water rights The Dolores River Anglers Chapter of Trout Unlimited seeks to designate nine stream reaches in the Upper Dolores River watershed for Outstanding Waters status. The designation offers protection for water quality only and does not include a water right or affect water rights, flows or downstream users. The nine streams proposed for the Dolores Basin are all within the San Juan National Forest and do not flow across or adjacent to private property. The candidate stream sections are in Bear Creek, Stoner Creek, Upper West Fork to Burro Bridge, Priest Gulch Creek, Wildcat Creek, Coal Creek, Slate Creek, East Fork Creek and Snow Spur Creek.Nine sections of streams in the Dolores River Basin are being considered for designation as Outstanding Waters by the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission.Dolores River Anglers Outstanding water designation requests are reviewed and decided on by the Water Quality Control Commission of Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. The three-year process includes three public hearings. The first one was held in November, and will be followed by hearings in November and June 2022. Duncan Rose, Dolores River Anglers conservation co-chairman, said the purpose of seeking Outstanding Waters status is to increase habitat protection for the rapidly declining native and wild trout populations in the Upper Dolores River Basin, which have been affected by long-term drought. In 2016, according to Dolores River Anglers’ studies, 24 perennial streams – flowing year-round – contained native cutthroat populations in the Upper Dolores River watershed, he said. Last fall, seven of the 24 perennial streams had become intermittent streams, which dry up periodically and leave no habitat for fish. Dewatered streams at lower elevations in the Dolores watershed are not good candidates for Outstanding Waters status and are not being considered. ‘Strongholds’ for trout Rose said after “careful analysis” over several years, Dolores River Anglers, in cooperation with Colorado Trout Unlimited and Colorado Parks and Wildlife, identified nine perennial streams for Outstanding Waters status because “their native cutthroat populations and habitat have characteristics of long-term strongholds” for trout habitat. “They were chosen because the streams appear capable of surviving increasing drought and other major natural disturbances over the long term,” he said.East Fork Creek, a headwater tributary of the Dolores River, is being considered for Outstanding Waters status.Duncan Rose/Dolores River Anglers Streams that are awarded Outstanding Waters status are protected from actions that would deteriorate their high level of water quality, Rose said. For example, new trails, roads or any national forest projects that could degrade stream water quality would require mitigation strategies, or be moved farther from the streams. Short term, temporary degradation is allowed for activities that result in long-term ecological benefit or clear public interest. Outstanding Waters status does not prohibit development, Rose said; it requires extra care and mitigation to protect the streams from degradation. “It says, ‘If you do something here, you can’t damage the quality of the water,’” he said. “The point is that we have this rare resource that links to everything in the community, from trout habitat and domestic water supply, to farming and ranching and recreation. Looking to the future, we believe that now is the time to put some protections in for water quality, and Outstanding Waters designation is a tool do help with that.” According to CDPHE, Outstanding Waters status is awarded “to reaches of streams, rivers or other bodies of water with very high water quality and exceptional recreational or ecological significance that are deemed worthy of increased protections.” For a stream or part of a stream to qualify, it must meet high thresholds of water quality criteria, with data gathered across a wide range of measures. Designation occurs through a three-year rule-making hearing process that includes three public hearings. Existing uses protected According to Outstanding Waters regulations, legitimate land use and recreation activities that are in existence on San Juan National Forest land at the time of a designation should not be affected unless future use intensifies or changes to the point that water quality degrades from the time of designation. Examples of existing activities include grazing, recreation, hiking, biking, cycling, camping, fishing, kayaking and timber harvesting. In 2012, when Rio Lado Creek, Little Taylor Creek and Spring Creek were designated as Outstanding Waters, the state Water Quality Control Commission said: “The commission understands that there are existing land uses, including grazing permits, in place in the watershed. The evidence demonstrates that these existing land uses are compatible with the Outstanding Waters designation, since the current high level of water quality has been attained with these uses in place.”Water sampling is done to determine water quality levels of creeks in the Dolores River Basin being considered for an Outstanding Waters designation.Courtesy Dolores River Anglers The commission added that Outstanding Waters designation “should not be the basis” for federal, state or local agencies to place “more onerous or costly conditions upon permits or approvals existing at the time of the designation, or upon any renewals thereof.” Year-round water quality sampling on the nine nominated streams is ongoing, Rose said, as is community outreach. The proposal has been presented to the Montezuma and Dolores county commissioners. In November, the Colorado Water Quality Control Board will hold a second public hearing to review the nominated streams, address questions and concerns, solve issues and decide whether to drop certain streams from consideration. Comments and questions about the candidate streams can be emailed to dra145tu@gmail.com. For more information on Colorado outstanding waters, visit https://cdphe.colorado.gov/wqcc. jmimiaga@the-journal.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/before-powell-did-indigenous-people-run-the-grand-canyon/</link>
        <title>Before Powell: Did Indigenous people run the Grand Canyon?</title>
        <description>Tule reed raft stands the test of one of the West’s epic journeys</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 15 Apr 2021 11:33:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=7D593EE1-4A76-4FDA-B12F-7DB4D60FEA8B&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tule reed raft stands the test of one of the West’s epic journeysPeter Brown takes the tule raft into Hance Rapid, one of the largest rapids on the Grand Canyon. The raft was built by Tom Martin to see if a watercraft made out of native plants could survive the epic journey through the canyon.Courtesy of Tom Martin Throughout the history of the West, it’s commonly accepted that the grizzled, one-armed Civil War major and geologist John Wesley Powell was the first to journey by river into the treacherous and unknown depths of the Grand Canyon. But is it possible, or even likely, Native Americans had long preceded Powell in floating down the big ditch? This winter, renowned river runner Tom Martin challenged the notion that Powell’s expedition was indeed the first descent, deciding to build a watercraft out of traditional materials and have a friend ride it through the canyon. “The history of boating is really well-documented from Powell forward,” Martin said. “(But) this is something we need to give a lot more credit to the Indigenous people of the Colorado River.” As the Colorado River cuts through the deep and storied walls of the Grand Canyon, it forms some of the biggest, most unpredictable and often dangerous whitewater on the continent. At the time Powell set off in the late 1800s, the risks and brutality of the Colorado River would have been even more intense, as in the years since, the construction of Glen Canyon Dam has effectively regulated flows and buried rapids. But given the fact Indigenous people have lived within the canyon walls for nearly 12,000 years, Martin started to question whether it was fair to assume Native people had floated down the river long before Europeans arrived. With the convincing combination of oral histories that talk about epic river journeys, and proving native materials at hand could have produced a craft that could have survived the unforgiving voyage, Martin came closer to his answer. Powell’s 1869 run Powell first set out for the unknown depths of the Grand Canyon in May 1869 from Green River, Wyoming, with 10 men and four Whitehall wooden boats, designed for travel on harbors and lakes, not the complicated and technical rapids that lay ahead. A few weeks in, one of the boats was destroyed in a rapid in Lodore Canyon, known as Disaster Falls. For most of the trip thereafter, the crew of Civil War veterans, trappers and frontiersmen would portage the major rapids. “The boats are entirely unmanageable,” Powell wrote in his journal on Aug. 15, now in the Grand Canyon. “No order in their running can be preserved.” In August 1869, Powell and his badly beaten crew emerged from the walls of the Grand Canyon, down to six men. (Fed up, three had left the party at Separation Canyon and were never heard from again. One left early on in the trip.) Just two boats survived the nearly 14-week, 1,000-mile journey. In his seminal book, The Emerald Mile, author Kevin Fedarko estimated the crew ran 414 rapids and portaged or lined the boats through another hundred or so. “I am convinced that no man has ever run such rapids on a raft,” one of the crew members, George Young Bradley, wrote in his journal in 1869. As news spread, the expedition was hailed across the country as a wild success, and Powell became a national hero as the first person to chart what was considered the last unexplored region by Western settlers in the United States. (There are unconfirmed rumors, it should be noted, a man named James White rode a log through the canyon in 1867.) Indigenous river runners Martin, however, said he started to question whether Powell’s journey was in fact the first descent, and it didn’t take long to connect the dots that Native American tribes in the region could have very well run the river long before.Peter Brown takes the tule raft out at the put-in for the Grand Canyon at Lee&#x2019;s Ferry to test if it floated. Not only did the raft float, it was able to survive the entire 200-plus-mile journey down the Grand Canyon.Courtesy of Tom Martin “The more I looked into the history, the more I discovered there were mariners in the Colorado River long before John Wesley Powell,” he said. Although perhaps not given as much credit as is due, Native American tribes were skilled boaters with a rich history of building elaborate and sturdy watercraft, especially at the lower end of the Colorado River basin. “The Indigenous people of the Americas were doing amazing things ... and not even getting their feet wet,” Martin said. “We all talk about stand-up paddleboards? Well guess what, SUPs have been around thousands of years.” While much is known about tribes along coastal areas, little existed, at least in written records, of any accounts of Indigenous peoples floating through the Grand Canyon, despite clear evidence of thriving settlements in the canyon for thousands of years. Martin did, however, stumble across hints here and there, finding an account from the 1950s that referenced an ancient reed boat stored and hidden in a Native American ruin near the Nankoweap granaries, in the upper part of the Grand Canyon.Peter Brown said the tule raft was just about as buoyant and intact on his last day on the river as it was on the first. Here, Brown is pictured near the end of the Grand Canyon.Courtesy of Tom Martin “It was supposed to contain a boat made of some kind of rushes,” Martin said. “No one ever found it ... and that’s all we have that puts any type of watercraft in the Grand Canyon that long ago.” Building a tule reed raft Fast forward to the year 2020. Martin, who has written just about every river guide book out there, won a permit to run the Grand Canyon. With these stories of the past running through his mind, he decided to build a watercraft out of traditional materials, and put it to the test. Martin planned to use tule, a tall reed that grows in dense stands along shorelines and wetlands. Native to the Colorado River basin, tule has been used for years to make baskets, cords, sandals and, yes, watercraft. After receiving permission from the Bureau of Land Management, Martin harvested tule from an area along the Colorado River in Arizona, throwing it on top of his pickup truck and driving back to his home in Flagstaff, Arizona, where he dried it out.Hazel Clark holds the tule strands and a completed bundle. River runner Tom Martin harvested the tule in Arizona and built a raft for a Grand Canyon trip this winter.Courtesy of Tom Martin With only a few weeks to prepare, Martin and his fellow river runners had to make quick work. After the tule dried out, they tied it into three bundles, resembling the form of an inflatable kayak. “It’s a whisk broom compared to what Indigenous people today make,” he said. “We didn’t have a lot of time between the idea of inception and needing to get on the river.” With the tule raft made, and Martin’s winter Grand Canyon trip fast approaching, all he needed was a guinea pig, which he found in his old high school friend and tree researcher Peter Brown. Up for the task Martin, for his part, didn’t have high hopes for the slapdash raft, given the name “Lotsaknots.” “I thought we’d at least get a couple days down the river,” he said. Once on the river, however, the opposite rang true. Brown, too, had his doubts at first. At the put-in at Lee’s Ferry, Brown said no one knew whether the tule raft would even float. But once he took it out on the flat water, it moved well and, most importantly, it floated. Most people, Brown included, thought that after a few miles down the river, and after some rapids, the tule raft would break apart and lose its buoyancy, and Brown would board another raft for the remainder of the trip. But little by little, it became strikingly clear the tule raft was up for the task. Perhaps most shocking was the watercraft lost little of its buoyancy, with Brown taking it out of the river every day to let it dry out. “We didn’t think we’d make it all that far, but it just kept going,” Brown said. “It was wonderful.” Brown took the tule raft through some of the Grand Canyon’s most harrowing rapids – House Rock, Hance, Hermit, Granite and even the Lava Falls, considered the biggest and most venerated rapid on the entire trip. He admittedly didn’t always have a clean run, sometimes falling off and flipping the raft amid the gauntlet of whitewater, but he was almost always able to recover and get back on. Brown, it should be noted, is not a kayaker. But he quickly learned the nuances of the tule raft, choosing to straddle it with his legs for better balance instead of keeping his feet up and out of the water. After 30 days and 278 miles down the river, the tule raft survived intact. “It was as structurally sound, buoyant and easy to move through the water on the last day as it was on the first day,” Brown said. Yes, Brown had the luxuries of modern river running, such as a personal flotation device and a dry suit. He also used a cheap paddle from Walmart (though the history of wooden paddle making by Indigenous tribes dates back centuries). And yes, the dammed Colorado River is much different today than it would have been for Native American tribes. Pre-Glen Canyon Dam, the river would have been subject to more intense water fluctuations, though water temperatures would have been generally warmer. But the experiment, Martin said, at least proves Indigenous people, who have occupied the region for an estimated 12,000 years, would have had the means to float the entirety of Grand Canyon. “You start putting these pieces together and it’s pretty fun,” Martin said. Reconstructing ancient technologies Matthew Sakiestewa Gilbert, a professor and head of the Department of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona, said it’s been well-documented how skilled and able Indigenous people were on the water. A member of the Hopi tribe, Gilbert, however, said many of these technologies are underappreciated and even sometimes unrecognized, which make reconstruction experiments and putting them to the test all the more important. “People look at a canoe that floats and doesn’t sink, and we’re surprised by that,” he said. “Yet we shouldn’t be surprised. Native people had come up with modes of transportation that actually worked, through trial and error.” “This is Indian intelligence at work,” he said.Tule, native to the Colorado River basin, is a tall reed that grows in wetlands and has been used for centuries to make baskets, cords and watercraft.Courtesy of Tom Martin Indeed, reconstructing ancient technologies has had impacts across the world. In Hawaii in the 1970s, for instance, Native residents reconstructed an ancient Polynesian canoe, sailing it with traditional navigation tools 5,500 miles from Tahiti to Hawaii and back, to prove their ancestors were capable of the voyage. Native Hawaiian and lead navigator Nainoa Thompson said on Anthony Bourdain’s show “Parts Unknown” the trip sparked a rebirth in Hawaiian pride and identity for many people on the island. “The success was monumental,” Thompson said. “That our ancestors were powerful. They were extraordinarily intelligent. They were courageous, and they were skilled. And so we come from them.” Indigenous oral histories In the American Southwest, couple capable technology with oral histories of river running and it becomes more convincing Indigenous people likely took trips down harrowing canyons long before Westerners arrived. And there’s clear evidence tribes along the Colorado River have such stories, from both the nearby Hopi and Navajo. The Hopi story of Tiyo, for instance, tells of a young man who traveled down the Colorado River in a hollowed out log to the Sea of Cortez and beyond, according to a report from the University of Arizona. Attempts to contact the Havasupai tribe, who live within the Grand Canyon, were not successful for this story. “These original accounts from Native American communities ... they give Indigenous people an understanding of their past, present and future,” Gilbert said. “These stories give meaning to life for Indigenous communities.” Shawn Brigman, a canoe maker and member of the Spokane Tribe of Indians, said he has reconstructed several ancient forms of watercraft over the years, and he’s continually impressed by their functionality. “They’re watercraft designed specifically to get tasks done quickly,” he said. “It’s high technology.” That someone rebuilt a boat out of tule reeds and successfully ran it through the onslaught of rapids in the Grand Canyon is no small feat, Brigman said. “That’s going to draw a lot of attention to that technology,” he said. Martin, for his part, said he hopes his spur-of-the-moment experiment at least kicks off the conversation and brings a renewed attention to ancient forms of river running, especially in the Grand Canyon. “It’s just an amazing watercraft,” he said. jromeo@durangoherald.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/interior-secretary-steps-into-utah-public-lands-tug-of-war/</link>
        <title>Interior secretary steps into Utah public lands tug-of-war</title>
        <description>A string of U.S. officials has heard from those who advocate for broadening national monuments to protect the area’s many archaeological and cultural sites, considered sacred to surrounding tribes, and those who fiercely oppose what they see as federal overreach....</description>
        <pubDate>Tue, 13 Apr 2021 05:36:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[SALT LAKE CITY – For decades, a public lands tug-of-war has played out over a vast expanse of southern Utah where red rocks reveal petroglyphs and cliff dwellings and distinctive twin buttes bulge from a grassy valley. A string of U.S. officials has heard from those who advocate for broadening national monuments to protect the area’s many archaeological and cultural sites, considered sacred to surrounding tribes, and those who fiercely oppose what they see as federal overreach. On Thursday, Interior Secretary Deb Haaland was the latest Cabinet official to visit Bears Ears National Monument – and the first Indigenous one.U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland tours near ancient dwellings along the Butler Wash trail during a visit to Bears Ears National Monument Thursday April 8, 2021, near Blanding, Utah.Rick Bowmer/Associated Press Haaland, a member of Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico, met with tribes and elected officials at Bears Ears as she prepares to submit recommendations on whether to reverse President Donald Trump’s decision to downsize that site and Grand Staircase-Escalante, another Utah national monument. “I know that decisions about public lands are incredibly impactful to the people who live nearby. But not just to us, not to just the folks who are here today, but people for generations to come,” Haaland told reporters during a news conference in the town of Blanding. “It’s our obligation to make sure that we protect lands for future generations so they can have the same experiences that the governor and I experienced today.”The two buttes that make up the namesake for Utah&#x2019;s Bears Ears National Monument in southeastern Utah. U.S. Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland will visit Utah this week before submitting a review on national monuments in the state. She&#x2019;s expected to submit a report to President Joe Biden after she meets with tribes and elected leaders at Bears Ears National Monument on Thursday, April 8, 2021.Associated Press file The visit underscores Haaland’s unique position as the first Native American to lead a department that has broad authority over tribal nations, as well as energy development and other uses for the country’s sprawling federal lands. “She brings something that no other cabinet secretary has brought, which is that her Indigenous communities are coming with her in that room,” said Char Miller, a professor of environmental analysis at Pomona College. Miller said the outcome of the negotiations will shed light on how the Biden administration plans to respond to other public lands disputes and will likely impact subsequent conversations with other states on natural resources.The Butler Wash Ruins within Bears Ears National Monument near Blanding, Utah. U.S. Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland will visit Utah this week before submitting a review on national monuments in the state. She&#x2019;s expected to submit a report to President Joe Biden after she meets with tribes and elected leaders at Bears Ears National Monument on Thursday, April 8, 2021.Associated Press file Haaland faces competing interests: Tribes across the U.S. hailed her confirmation as a chance to have their voices heard and their land and rights protected, while Republican leaders have labeled her a “radical” who could, along with President Joe Biden, stunt oil and gas development and destroy thousands of jobs. Pat Gonzales-Rogers, executive director of the Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition, said he looked forward to Haaland seeking tribes’ input, which he called a “far cry” from her predecessors in the Trump administration. He noted Haaland is familiar with the landscape – Bears Ears contains many sites of spiritual importance to New Mexico’s pueblos – but acknowledged she had a responsibility to hear from all sides. “She is the interior secretary for all of us, and that also requires her to engage other groups.”Rep. Blake Moore, left, looks on as Sen. Mitt Romney speaks during a news conference following a tour with U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland to Bears Ears National Monument Thursday, April 8, 2021, near Blanding, Utah.Rick Bowmer/Associated Press The coalition wants the monument restored to its original size, or even enlarged, but Gonzales-Rogers said he hoped Haaland’s visit would at least be a step toward a more certainty. “All parties would like to see some permanence, and they don’t want it to vacillate between either administrations or political ideology,” he said. Prominent Utah Republicans, including U.S. Sen. Mitt Romney and new Gov. Spencer Cox, have expressed concern with the review under Biden’s administration and demanded state leaders be involved. Haaland met with them, along with Lt. Gov. Deidre Henderson and U.S. Rep. Blake Moore during her visit. The Utah delegation called on Biden to work with Congress and others toward a permanent legislative fix regarding the monuments’ borders and management, The Salt Lake Tribune reported.Utah Gov. Spencer Cox speaks during a news conference following a tour with U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland to Bears Ears National Monument Thursday, April 8, 2021, near Blanding, Utah.Rick Bowmer/Associated Press “Can we find the solutions? I think there is an opportunity for that, to provide the resources that are needed,” Cox told reporters Thursday. “But all of those things can only be done through legislation. It can’t be done through an executive order.” Former President Barack Obama proclaimed Bears Ears a national monument in 2016. The site was the first to receive the designation at the specific request of tribes. Its boundaries were downsized by 85% under the Trump administration, while Grand Staircase-Escalante was cut nearly in half. The reductions paved the way for potential coal mining, and oil and gas drilling on lands that were previously off-limits. Activity was limited because of market forces. Since Trump downsized the monuments, more visitors have come to the sites and put natural and cultural resources at risk, said Phil Francis, chair of the Coalition to Protect America’s National Parks. “Every day that goes by leaves the irreplaceable resources at Bears Ears and Grand Staircase vulnerable to damage or destruction from looting, vandalism or other threats as a result of lack of protective management,” Francis said ahead of Haaland’s visit.A section of ancient dwellings are seen during U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland&#x2019;s tour along the Butler Wash trail at Bears Ears National Monument Thursday, April 8, 2021, near Blanding, Utah.Rick Bowmer/Associated Press Environmental, tribal, paleontological and outdoor recreation organizations are suing to restore the monuments’ original boundaries, arguing presidents don’t have legal authority to change monuments their predecessors created. On the flip side, Republicans have argued Democratic presidents misused the Antiquities Act signed by President Theodore Roosevelt to designate monuments beyond what’s necessary to protect archaeological and cultural resources. Haaland will be a key player in deciding what comes next. She has said she will follow Biden’s agenda, not her own, on oil and gas drilling, and told reporters at a briefing last week that her report to the president will reflect conversations with people who know and understand the area. The administration has said the decision to review the monuments is part of an expansive plan to tackle climate change and reverse the Trump administration’s “harmful policies.” But Mike Noel, a former state representative and vocal critic of expanding the monuments, said it would be a mistake for Biden’s administration to “go back and rub salt in the wounds” by reversing Trump’s action. He said he fears that not allowing local and state officials to make these decisions will only further divide those involved. “It’s never a good thing when decisions like this are made from Washington, D.C.,” Noel said. “I just think it’s being done wrong, and I hope that the new secretary recognizes that.” Eppolito is a corps member for the Associated Press/Report for America Statehouse News Initiative. Report for America is a nonprofit national service program that places journalists in local newsrooms to report on undercovered issues. Associated Press writers Susan Montoya Bryan in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Matthew Daly in Washington contributed to this story.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/mesa-verde-national-park-designated-100th-international-dark-sky-park/</link>
        <title>Mesa Verde National Park designated 100th International Dark Sky Park</title>
        <description>Lighting reduced, controlled to keep view of night sky</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 12 Apr 2021 00:49:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Lighting reduced, controlled to keep view of night skyThe Milky Way as seen from Mesa Verde National Park. The park has been designated as an International Dark Sky Park.Courtesy of Mesa Verde National Park Mesa Verde National Park is known for preserving ancient cultural sites, and now it will also protect the nighttime view of the stars. This year, Mesa Verde was designated the 100th International Dark Sky Park, according to a park news release. The certification recognizes the exceptional quality of the park’s night skies and provides added opportunities to enhance visitor experiences through astronomy-based interpretive programming. “We are happy to announce our work to advance the preservation of Mesa Verde’s night skies and provide visitors opportunities to experience the wonder of starry nights,” said park Superintendent Cliff Spencer. “National parks are some of the best places in America to see a breathtaking array of stars, planets and neighboring galaxies.” The multiyear application process included light pollution surveys, a light-source inventory, reducing outdoor lighting and using downcast lighting systems. Essential outdoor lighting was upgraded to energy-efficient bulbs, which reduces park costs. Dark Sky parks are also seen to create economic opportunities by promoting astronomy-based tourism. Mesa Verde’s application garnered wide community support, including from the city of Cortez, towns of Dolores and Mancos, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and the Mesa Verde Country tourism bureau. The Dark Sky designation also serves to highlight the spiritual and practical connections the Ancestral Puebloans had with night skies and stars. “We want to work with tribal communities to bring those stories out,” said Kristy Sholly, chief of interpretation and visitor services for the park. “That connection to Native American culture is what makes Mesa Verde such a great place.” Mesa Verde’s exceptionally dark skies are an important part of the cultural landscape of the park that holds special significance to Mesa Verde’s 26 affiliated tribes, park officials said. The effort to reduce light pollution at the park to earn the Dark Sky recognition was a collective effort by park staff members and the Mesa Verde Museum Association, Spencer said. Concessionaire Aramark was also committed to the goal, Sholly said. The International Dark Sky Places Program was founded in 2001 to encourage communities, parks and protected areas around the world to preserve and protect dark sites through responsible lighting policies and public education. The park offers public night sky programs throughout the year. But because of pandemic restrictions on gatherings, the programs were canceled in 2020. They are expected to return when it is safe for people to gather again, park officials said. Events will include a celebration of the International Dark Sky Park designation. “Our stargazing events are very popular. There is a lot of interest out there, and we are excited for them to return,” Sholly said. Mesa Verde now joins a growing set of 169 International Dark Sky Places in 21 countries around the world, including 37 other sites administered by the National Park Service. The International Dark Sky certification does not carry legal or regulatory authority. The certification demonstrates a commitment by parks to improve night skies through the use of more energy-efficient, sustainable lighting. Certification also reaffirms the park’s commitment to educate the public and gateway communities about the importance of dark sky-friendly outdoor lighting and opportunities to work together toward common goals. In 2014, Hovenweep National Monument was designated as an International Dark Sky Park. In 2019, Norwood was designated as an International Dark Sky Community. Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is in the process of applying for the Dark Sky status.The Milky Way above Hovenweep Castle. In 2014, Hovenweep National Monument was designated an International Dark Sky Park.National Park Service Norwood&#x2019;s first picture of the deep-space Andromeda Galaxy. Norwood was designated as an International Dark Sky Community in 2019. Only 22 towns worldwide have the status.Courtesy of David Elmore jmimiaga@the-journal.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/drought-breaking-rains-more-rare-erratic-in-west-study-says/</link>
        <title>Drought-breaking rains more rare, erratic in West, study says</title>
        <description>Study based on decades of rainfall data</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 10 Apr 2021 13:48:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Study based on decades of rainfall data BILLINGS, Mont. – Rainstorms grew more erratic and droughts much longer across most of the U.S. West over the past half-century as climate change warmed the planet, according to a sweeping government study released this week that concludes the situation is worsening. The most dramatic changes were recorded in the desert Southwest, where the average dry period between rainstorms grew from about 30 days in the 1970s to 45 days between storms now, said Joel Biederman, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Southwest Watershed Research Center in Tucson, Arizona. The consequences of the intense dry periods that pummeled areas of the West in recent years were severe – more intense and dangerous wildfires, parched croplands and not enough vegetation to support livestock and wildlife. And the problem appears to be accelerating, with rainstorms becoming increasingly unpredictable, and more areas showing longer intervals between storms since the turn of the century compared with previous decades, the study concludes. The study comes with almost two-thirds of the contiguous U.S. beset by abnormally dry conditions. Warm temperatures forecast for the next several months could make it the worst spring drought in almost a decade, affecting about 74 million people across the U.S., the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said. Water use cutbacks, damaged wheat crops, more fires and lower reservoirs in California and the Southwest are possible, National Weather Service and agriculture officials have warned. Climate scientists are calling what’s happening in the West a continuation of a “megadrought” that started in 1999. While previous research documented a decline in total rainfall for much of the West, the work by Biederman and colleagues put more focus on when that rain occurs. That has significant implications for how much water is available for agriculture and plants, such as grasses that have shallow roots and need a steadier supply of moisture than large trees. “Once the growing season starts, the total amount of rainfall is important. But if it comes in just a few large storms, with really long dry periods in between, that can have really detrimental consequences,” study co-author Biederman said in an interview. The total amount of rain in a year doesn’t matter to plants – especially if rains come mostly in heavy bursts with large runoff – but consistent moisture is what keeps them alive, said UCLA meteorologist Daniel Swain, who writes a weather blog about the West and was not part of the study. The new findings were published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. Researchers led by University of Arizona climate scientist Fangyue Zhang compiled daily readings going back to 1976 from 337 weather stations across the western U.S. and analyzed rainfall and drought data to identify the changing patterns. Other parts of the region that saw longer and more variable droughts included the southwest Rocky Mountains, the Colorado Plateau and the Central Plains. The rainfall study is in line with data that shows climate change already is affecting the planet. “Climate models project that the American Southwest is very likely to experience more frequent and more severe droughts,” said William Anderegg, a University of Utah biologist and climate scientist. “This study and other recent work demonstrates that this dry-down has already begun.” The weather station data that was used in the study represents “the gold standard’ for an accurate understanding of changes being driven by climate change, said Christopher Field, an earth systems scientist and director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Park Williams – who studies changes in water, wildfires and climate at UCLA – cautioned more work was needed to see if the rainfall trends since the 1970s reflect a longer-term natural cycle or are tied to human-caused warming. Regardless, the combination of longer dry spells and warmer temperatures almost certainly adds to increased wildfire size, he said. Northwestern states were largely spared from the accelerating cycles of drought. The researchers observed higher annual rainfall totals and shorter drought intervals in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and portions of Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas. That’s consistent with predicted alterations in weather patterns driven by climate change in which the jet stream that brings moisture from the Pacific Ocean shifts northward, they said.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/san-juan-basin-archaeological-society-to-host-talk-about-aztec-ruins/</link>
        <title>San Juan Basin Archaeological Society to host talk about Aztec Ruins</title>
        <description>Blackburn’s current project is Aztec Ruins Inscription Documentation, a two- to three-year-long research program to fill a gap between 1880 and 1915 to reconnect local families to their history in Aztec Ruins National Monument. A large portion of this project...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 09 Apr 2021 10:48:07 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[San Juan Basin Archaeological Society will host a talk called “Methodology and Documentation of Historic Names at Aztec Ruins” by Fred Blackburn at 7 p.m. Wednesday on Zoom. Blackburn’s current project is Aztec Ruins Inscription Documentation, a two- to three-year-long research program to fill a gap between 1880 and 1915 to reconnect local families to their history in Aztec Ruins National Monument. A large portion of this project is interviewing people who have a community connection to Aztec Ruins. Blackburn was one of the first two rangers in the Grand Gulch Ranger program in 1974 and assisted in the establishment of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. He also helped establish the White Mesa Institute. Blackburn, a fourth generation Coloradan, was born in Telluride and graduated from Fort Lewis College in 1971, with a bachelor’s degree in biology. A brief business meeting will be held before the talk. For login information, visit www.sjbas.org and click on the Zoom meeting link.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/montezuma-orchard-restoration-project-to-host-grafting-workshop/</link>
        <title>Montezuma Orchard Restoration Project to host grafting workshop</title>
        <description>Jude Schuenemeyer will demonstrate whip and tongue grafting techniques and answer questions. Preregistration is required. Register online at bit.ly/3lrzTkS. Participants are encouraged to have grafting supplies on hand to follow along. A basic kit is available at www.amleo.com/grafting-kit/p/GKWO-CHG. Rootstock is...</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 05 Apr 2021 11:03:07 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Montezuma Orchard Restoration Project will host a free virtual grafting workshop from 10 a.m. to noon Saturday. Jude Schuenemeyer will demonstrate whip and tongue grafting techniques and answer questions. Preregistration is required. Register online at bit.ly/3lrzTkS. Participants are encouraged to have grafting supplies on hand to follow along. A basic kit is available at www.amleo.com/grafting-kit/p/GKWO-CHG. Rootstock is available for purchase from MORP for local pickup at www.montezumaorchard.org/product/rootstock-2 or from Copen Haven Farms at www.copenhavenfarms.com/apple-descriptions. Jude Schuenemeyer will demonstrate whip and tongue grafting techniques and answer questions. Preregistration is required. Register online at bit.ly/3lrzTkS. Participants are encouraged to have grafting supplies on hand to follow along. A basic kit is available at www.amleo.com/grafting-kit/p/GKWO-CHG. Rootstock is available for purchase from MORP for local pickup at www.montezumaorchard.org/product/rootstock-2 or from Copen Haven Farms […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/impact-of-logging-near-dolores-raises-concerns-about-recreation-access/</link>
        <title>Impact of logging near Dolores raises concerns about recreation access</title>
        <description>10 years of timber work to overlap popular trail and camping area in Boggy Draw area</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 04 Apr 2021 20:33:07 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[10 years of timber work to overlap popular trail and camping area in Boggy Draw area San Juan National Forest officials are addressing concerns about a logging project’s impact to recreation in the Boggy Draw area north of Dolores. The 22,346-acre Salter Vegetation Management Project stretches from the Salter Y area on the west side to the Boggy Draw area on the east side. Timber harvesting of ponderosa pine is expected in stages for 10 years. A portion of the project overlaps the popular network of trails and dispersed camping in the Boggy Draw area. That area is getting special attention to minimize recreation impacts. According to the project’s environmental assessment, temporary trail closures and rerouting of trails would be required during the project to accommodate logging operations. In comments about the plan, recreationists and the town of Dolores expressed concerns about impacts to recreation, which is depended on by regional residents and supports the local economy. San Juan National Forest recreation planner Tom Rice and Dolores District Ranger Derek Padilla said the agency is analyzing the effects on recreation at Boggy Draw and are planning for a suite of mitigation measures. “We have heard the comments on recreation concerns,” said Padilla during a community meeting held in March on Zoom. “Our staff has taken a hard look at the trail system up there and made adjustments to make sure there is the least amount of impact to the trails both physically and aesthetically.” Rice said logging zones were dropped or adjusted away from the more interesting trail features with unique views or geologic features. For trails within or near logging areas, there will be an effort to leave trees along an 18-foot corridor of the trail to maintain scenic qualities. Forest planners emphasized that the Boggy Draw motorized and nonmotorized trail system will overall remain open during the life of the project. Logging will be selective thinning, not clear-cutting, and it will not happen all at once. The Boggy Draw portion of the project will be divided into six logging recreation compartments that will be harvested one at a time to keep the remaining trails open as much as possible, Rice said. “In areas where there is timber harvest activity, there will be closed trails in many cases, but in an effort to reduce closures, trails will be temporarily rerouted or detoured where possible until the logging compartment is completed,” Rice said. A separate analysis is being conducted on temporary reroutes and detours of trails for each logging block. Also as part of the plan, timber machinery would be required to avoid trails to prevent damage. The Boggy Draw area is also popular for dispersed camping. Some timber harvest treatment units were eliminated along the main Boggy Draw road to protect the many dispersed camping sites there, Rice said. Dispersed camping areas on the arterial roads farther from the main road will see timber harvest activity to improve forest health and reduce wildfire risk. Notice of temporary trail closures or reroutes will be posted at the trails, on websites, with local bike clubs and shops, and on social media. Dolores town board member Sheila Wheeler asked the town be notified in advance as much as possible about expected trail closures so they can help get the word out to businesses, residents and tourists. Planners will know a year in advance when a timber sale is awarded, and they will have months of prep time to plan and mitigate impacts to trails in that section and inform the public. Individual logging sales are still being planned, so which specific trails would be affected is not yet available. Jimbo Buickerood, land protection manager for the San Juan Citizens Alliance, said there has been a lot of concern from recreationists about how long trails at Boggy Draw could be closed. He asked forest officials for a strong “commitment to reroute trails” that face temporary closure because of logging operations. “There was a lot of community interest in these trails, and they are a huge economic driver for Dolores,” Buickerood said. Making sure the public understands that the project does not impact all trails is also crucial, he said. Expect more truck traffic Logging traffic will increase in the project area, including in Boggy Draw and in Dolores. According to the plan, hauling will be allowed throughout the year, except for 10 holidays and special events, including during the Escalante Days festival and Boggy Beat Down bike race. Log hauling could also be restricted when certain conditions exist, Padilla said. For example, during the spring thaw, if logging roads do not dry or freeze overnight, hauling would be delayed because road conditions would be too soft for truck travel. Padilla said based on the harvest season and timber industry practices, logging traffic is not expected year-round. Dolores will see more log truck traffic coming down the Dolores-Norwood Road, County Road 31, 11th Street and Colorado Highway 145. Based on similar projects in the forest, officials expect an average of nine loaded logging trucks going through the town of Dolores per day during the harvest season. The estimated traffic is an average; on some days, there will be no trucks, on others, there could be more than nine per day. Minus the restricted hauling for holidays, Dolores could face significant increased truck traffic day and night, Buickerood said. He suggested more “sideboards” be implemented to control truck traffic. Wildlife impacts and mitigation There will be temporary displacement of wildlife when logging is occurring, said Ivan Messinger, wildlife biologist for the San Juan National Forest. Timing restrictions are in place to protect critical big-game habitat, he said. Areas designated as critical elk winter range and for elk calving will not have logging operations between Dec. 1 and April 30. Wildlife impacts are addressed in the environmental assessment. Logging details Logging in the Salter Vegetation Management Project “will not all take place at the same time,” said David Casey, forester with the San Juan National Forest. Typically, areas are worked one at a time to limit disruption in the forest. Specific harvesting blocks range from less than 500 acres to 2,000 acres, which are broken down into 200-acre units. Logging the subunits usually takes between six to eight weeks, then the area is restored and public access restored. A project goal is to improve stand diversity for age and size; improve forest resiliency to bugs, drought and disease; and reduce wildfire risk, Casey said. Old-growth trees have been identified and will not be cut down. The largest size tree allowed to be harvested under the project is 26.9 inches in diameter. The amount of thinning in a block is predetermined based on forest studies for that section. The Boggy Draw area is mostly second-growth ponderosa pine, said Travis Bruch, timber fuels program manager. It was all logged in the 1920s and ’30s. The majority of the trees are between 10 inches and 20 inches in diameter. jmimiaga@the-journal.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/grizzlies-expand-range-but-still-need-protections/</link>
        <title>Grizzlies expand range, but still need protections</title>
        <description>Bears would not thrive in the San Juans, report says</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 02 Apr 2021 19:33:59 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bears would not thrive in the San Juans, report saysA grizzly bear is seen in Grand Teton National Park, Wyo. Grizzly bears are slowly expanding in the northern Rocky Mountains, but scientists say they need continued protections and have concluded no other areas of the country would be suitable for the animals.Joe Lieb/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via AP BILLINGS, Mont. – Grizzly bears are slowly expanding the turf where they roam in parts of the northern Rocky Mountains but need continued protections, according to government scientists who concluded that no other areas of the country would be suitable for reintroducing the fearsome predators. The Fish and Wildlife Service on Wednesday released its first assessment in almost a decade about the status of grizzly bears in the contiguous U.S. The bruins are shielded from hunting as a threatened species except in Alaska. Grizzly populations grew over the past 10 years in two areas – the Yellowstone region of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, with more than 700 bears; and around Glacier National Park in Montana, which is home to more than 1,000 of the animals. Grizzly numbers remain low in other parts of the Northern Rockies, and scientists said their focus is on bolstering those populations rather than reintroducing them elsewhere in the country. The bears now occupy about 6% of their historical range in the contiguous U.S., up from 2% in 1975. Conservationists and some university scientists have pushed to return bears to areas including Colorado’s San Juan Mountains and California’s Sierra Nevada. The 368-page assessment makes no recommendation on the topic, but scientists looked at the possibility of bears in more areas as part of an examination of their remaining habitat. That analysis showed grizzlies would be unable to sustain themselves in the San Juans, the Sierra Nevada or two other areas – Utah’s Uinta Mountains and New Mexico’s Mongollon Mountains. “They were looking for areas that could sustain grizzly bears as opposed to areas that would continuously need for humans to drop bears in there,” said Hilary Cooley, the Fish and Wildlife Service’s grizzly bear recovery coordinator. In each case, officials said, bears would face the same challenge – not enough remote, protected public lands, high densities of humans and little chance of connecting with other bears to maintain healthy populations. An estimated 50,000 grizzlies once inhabited western North America from the Pacific Ocean to the Great Plains. Hunting, commercial trapping and habitat loss wiped out most by the early 1900s. The bears were last seen in California in the 1920s and the last known grizzly in Colorado was killed by an elk hunter in 1979.A grizzly bear roams just north of the National Elk Refuge in Grand Teton National Park, Wyo. The Fish and Wildlife Service on Wednesday released its first assessment in nearly a decade on the status of grizzly bears in the contiguous U.S.Joe Lieb/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via AP The Center for Biological Diversity sued the Fish and Wildlife Service in 2019 in a bid to force officials to consider restoring grizzlies to parts of seven more western states. A U.S. District judge ruled last year that the government was not compelled to draft recovery plans for the bears in new areas. Protections for bears in the Yellowstone region were lifted under former President Donald Trump but later restored under a court order just as Idaho and Wyoming prepared to hold public hunts for grizzlies for the first time in decades. Five Republican U.S. senators from the region this week introduced legislation to strip protection from Yellowstone-area bears and put them under state jurisdiction. Wyoming Sen. John Barrasso said in a statement that President Joe Biden’s administration had missed an opportunity Wednesday to declare restoration efforts in the region a success and lift protections. Biologists say Yellowstone grizzlies are “biologically recovered.” But an appeals court last year said the government had not done enough to make sure hunting and other pressures don’t reduce the population size in the future to where the bears’ genetic health could be harmed. Center for Biological Diversity attorney Andrea Zaccardi said state officials, hunting groups and the agriculture industry had too much influence on decisions about bears made under Trump. She urged officials under Biden to take a “less politically motivated look at grizzly bear recovery.” Wyoming ranchers who want grizzlies under state control sided with the government in the legal dispute about where bears should be restored. They would oppose any attempt by the new administration to reverse course, said Will Trachman with Mountain States Legal Foundation, which represents the ranchers. “We hope they won’t roll over on their own victory,” he said. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland, who oversees Fish and Wildlife Service, co-sponsored legislation while in Congress to increase protections for bears and reintroduce them on tribal lands. Haaland declined to say how she would approach the issue when questioned during her February confirmation hearings. “I imagine at the time I was caring about the bears,” she said.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/talk-to-explore-possible-grand-canyon-river-runs-by-native-americans/</link>
        <title>Talk to explore possible Grand Canyon river runs by Native Americans</title>
        <description>The talk will cover how John Wesley Powell and his crew made the first documented descent of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon and whether it was actually the first. Both the Navajo and Hopi have legends of people...</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 01 Apr 2021 05:20:46 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Colorado Native Plant Society, Southwest Chapter will host a talk, “Before Powell? A Descent of the Colorado River Through the Grand Canyon on a Tule Reed Raft,” by Peter M. Brown and Tom Martin at 6:30 p.m. Tuesday via Zoom. The talk will cover how John Wesley Powell and his crew made the first documented descent of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon and whether it was actually the first. Both the Navajo and Hopi have legends of people traveling through the canyon before Powell. To register for the talk, visit bit.ly/3qX4zM6. After registering, a confirmation email containing information about joining the meeting will be sent. The passcode will be required for entry. The talk will cover how John Wesley Powell and his crew made the first documented descent of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon and whether it was actually the first. Both the Navajo and Hopi have legends of people traveling through the canyon before Powell. To register for the talk, visit bit.ly/3qX4zM6. After registering, […]]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/geologic-discoveries-on-mars-cataloged-in-navajo-language/</link>
        <title>Geologic discoveries on Mars cataloged in Navajo language</title>
        <description>The Perseverance rover recorded this image on Mars on March 4. A number of the rover’s discoveries, through a collaboration with NASA, have been catalogued in Diné Bizaad, the Navajo language.NASA/JPL-Caltech via AP The Perseverance rover has been on Mars...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2021 21:01:31 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=75281A19-E74E-4E60-8220-6D39A5EE4CEB&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Perseverance rover recorded this image on Mars on March 4. A number of the rover’s discoveries, through a collaboration with NASA, have been catalogued in Diné Bizaad, the Navajo language.NASA/JPL-Caltech via AP (AP) – Native people have had ties to land in North America since time immemorial, and now that connection is expanding to the cosmos. The Perseverance rover has been on Mars for more than a month, collecting data and making discoveries with each passing day. A number of the findings, through a collaboration with NASA, have been catalogued in Diné Bizaad, the Navajo language. The Perseverance team started with a list of 50 words and will expand the list as needed. According to a tweet from the rover itself, some terms have already been used, such as tsé łichíí (red rock), yéigo (diligence) and séítah (among the sand). Before landing in the Jezero Crater on Máaz, Navajo for Mars, the Perseverance team divided the crater into a grid of “quadrangles” that were 1 square mile in size and named the “quads” after national parks on Earth with similar geology. The rover touched down in an area named after Arizona’s Canyon de Chelly National Monument, which is in the Navajo Nation.Navajo Nation Vice President Jonathan Nez, pictured, along with Vice President Myron Lizer and other advisers, came up with Navajo words for objects discovered on Mars by NASA&#x2019;s rover Perseverance.Associated Press file A press release from NASA said suggestions included tséwózí bee hazhmeezh (rolling rows of pebbles, like waves). Aaron Yazzie added suggestions such as bidziil (strength) and hoł nilį́ (respect) to the list. “Perseverance” itself was translated to Ha’ahóni. Yazzie is a mechanical engineer on the Perseverance team and works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. He hopes that seeing their language associated with the mission will make Native American youths proud and encourage them to achieve their goals. “This fateful landing on Mars has created a special opportunity to inspire Navajo youth, not just through amazing scientific and engineering feats, but also through the inclusion of our language in such a meaningful way,” Yazzie said in a news release. Nez echoed those sentiments and sees students becoming more interested in STEM fields in the future. “We are very proud of one of our very own, Aaron Yazzie, who is playing a vital role in NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance mission,” Nez said. “We are excited for the NASA team and for Aaron, and we see him as being a great role model who will inspire more interest in the STEM fields of study and hopefully inspire more of our young people to pursue STEM careers to make even greater impacts and contributions just as Aaron is doing. As the mission continues, we offer our prayers for continued success.” The rover has essentially needed to be taught Navajo to understand the labels given to items it collects. However, the English alphabet needs to be interspersed to convey certain information because of the use of accent marks in Navajo words. Other scientists at NASA have welcomed the chance to learn the Native language, said Perseverance Deputy Project Scientist Katie Stack Morgan of JPL. “This partnership is encouraging the rover’s science team to be more thoughtful about the names being considered for features on Mars – what they mean both geologically and to people on Earth,” Stack Morgan said.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/as-endangered-birds-lose-their-songs-they-cant-find-mates/</link>
        <title>As endangered birds lose their songs, they can’t find mates</title>
        <description>This 2015 photo provided by Lachlan Hall shows male regent honeyeater birds in Capertee Valley in New South Wales, Australia. The distinctive black and yellow birds were once common across Australia, but habitat loss since the 1950s has shrunk their...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2021 19:52:53 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=D1EF0F68-4D22-496A-8B55-0BF07C8FC3A2&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[This 2015 photo provided by Lachlan Hall shows male regent honeyeater birds in Capertee Valley in New South Wales, Australia. The distinctive black and yellow birds were once common across Australia, but habitat loss since the 1950s has shrunk their population to only about 300 wild birds today.Lachlan Hall via AP WASHINGTON – Male songbirds usually learn their tunes from adult mentors. But when aspiring crooners lack proper role models, they hit all the wrong notes – and have less success attracting mates. For five years, ecologist Ross Crates has tracked the singing ability and breeding success of critically endangered regent honeyeaters. These distinctive black and yellow birds were once common across Australia, but habitat loss since the 1950s has shrunk their population to only about 300 or 400 wild birds today. While male birds once formed large winter flocks, now they are sparsely distributed across the landscape, so many fly solo. That means fewer honeyeater mentors are nearby during young birds’ impressionable first year. “Song learning in many birds is a process similar to humans learning languages – they learn by listening to other individuals,” said Crates, who is based at Australian National University. “If you can’t listen to other individuals, you don’t know what you should be learning.” The researchers found that a significant portion of male birds appear to be learning tunes exclusively from other species they encounter. About 12% of male regent honeyeaters wind up producing mangled versions of songs typically sung by noisy friarbirds and black-faced cuckooshrikes, among other species. In some species, such as mockingbirds, song mimicry adds flourish to love songs. But the female regent honeyeaters aren’t impressed. Unconventional male singers were less successful in wooing mates, the scientists found in research published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. “We think the females are avoiding breeding and nesting with males that sing unusual songs,” Crates said. For a population already on the brink of extinction, that’s worrisome. “This research suggests that the loss of a song language once the population reaches a very small size could accelerate their decline,” said Peter Marra, a conservation biologist at Georgetown University who was not involved in the paper. The precise reason females remained aloof was not clear. “When male birds sing, it’s like putting out an ad saying, ‘I’m over here, I’m species X, I’m Bob, and I’m really interested in finding a partner,’” said Scott Ramsay, a behavioral ecologist at Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, who was not involved in the research. It could be that female honeyeaters aren’t even recognizing these unconventional singers as potential partners, and so they’re not approaching them, he said. Or it could be that they approach, “but then things go wrong if the males get courtship signals wrong.” Most male birds spend several months in their first year learning and refining the songs they’ll recite for the rest of their lives. Some birds learn from their fathers, but regent honeyeaters leave the nest before they learn to sing, so the males need to find other mentors. “We need to be aware of the importance of preserving song culture in birds – it’s possible to have a population that’s still genetically viable, but isn’t viable in terms of passing on cultural knowledge,” said Carl Safina, an ecologist at Stony Brook University who was not involved in the research. “Some elements of what these birds need to do to survive isn’t instinctive, it has to be learned,” he said. Crates’ team has begun putting their findings into action. To help young birds in captive breeding programs learn their notes, they’ve started playing male song recordings and also housed capable male singers next to young learners. The hope is that these veteran vocalists can pass on their songs to the next generation. Follow Christina Larson on twitter: @larsonchristina The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/forecast-for-spring-nasty-drought-worsens-for-much-of-u-s/</link>
        <title>Forecast for spring: Nasty drought worsens for much of U.S.</title>
        <description>An empty irrigation canal at a tree farm Feb. 17 in Corrales, N.M., with the Sandia Mountains in the background, as much of the West is mired in drought, with New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah being among the hardest...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 20:00:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=20E9C2D5-02BD-480C-BC5A-C676BA7E5E5A&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[An empty irrigation canal at a tree farm Feb. 17 in Corrales, N.M., with the Sandia Mountains in the background, as much of the West is mired in drought, with New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah being among the hardest hit. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s official spring outlook March 18, 2021, sees an expanding drought with a drier than normal April, May and June for a large swath of the country from Louisiana to Oregon, including some areas hardest hit by the most severe drought.Associated Press file With nearly two-thirds of the United States abnormally dry or worse, the government’s spring forecast offers little hope for relief, especially in the West where a devastating megadrought has taken root and worsened. National Weather Service and agriculture officials warned of possible water use cutbacks in California and the Southwest, increased wildfires, low levels in key reservoirs such as Lake Mead and Lake Powell and damage to wheat crops. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s official spring outlook sees an expanding drought with a drier than normal April, May and June for a large swath of the country from Louisiana to Oregon, including some areas hardest hit by the most severe drought. And nearly all of the continental United States is looking at warmer than normal spring, except for tiny parts of the Pacific Northwest and southeast Alaska, which makes drought worse. “We are predicting prolonged and widespread drought,” National Weather Service Deputy Director Mary Erickson said. “It’s definitely something we’re watching and very concerned about.” NOAA expects the spring drought to hit 74 million people. Several factors go into worsening drought, the agency said. A La Niña cooling of parts of the central Pacific continues to bring dry weather for much of the country, while in the Southwest heavy summer monsoon rains failed to materialize. Meteorologists also say the California megadrought is associated with long-term climate change. The national Drought Monitor on March 18 showed almost 66% of the nation is in an abnormally dry condition, the highest mid-March level since 2002. And forecasters predict that will worsen, expanding in parts of Florida, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming and South Dakota, with small islands of relief in parts of the Great Lakes and New England. More than 44% of the nation is in moderate or worse drought, and nearly 18% is in extreme or exceptional drought – all of it west of the Mississippi River. Climate scientists are calling what’s happening in the West a “megadrought” that started in 1999. “The nearly West-wide drought is already quite severe in its breadth and intensity, and unfortunately it doesn’t appear likely that there will be much relief this spring,” said UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain, who writes the Weather West blog and isn’t part of the NOAA outlook. “Winter precipitation has been much below average across much of California, and summer precipitation reached record low levels in 2020 across the desert Southwest.” With the Sierra Nevada snowpack only 60% of normal levels, U.S. Department of Agriculture meteorologist Brad Rippey said “there will be some water cutbacks and allocation cutbacks in California and perhaps other areas of the Southwest” for agriculture and other uses. It will probably hit nut crops in the Golden State. Winter and spring wheat crops also have been hit hard by the western drought with 78% of the spring wheat production area in drought conditions, Rippey said. The dry, warm conditions the upcoming months likely will bring “an enhanced wildfire season,” said Jon Gottschalck, chief of NOAA’s prediction branch. Swain of UCLA said the wildfires probably will not be as bad as 2020 because so much vegetation already has burned and drought conditions retarded regrowth. Last year, he said, wildfire was so massive it will be hard to exceed, though this fire season likely will be above average. Drought and heat breed a vicious cycle. When it’s this dry, less of the sun’s energy goes to evaporating soil moisture because it’s not as wet, Swain said. That leaves more of the energy to heat up the air, and the heat makes the drought worse by boosting evaporation. “Across the West, it is clear that climate change has increased temperatures essentially year round, which has decreased mountain snowpack and increased evaporation – substantially worsening the severity of the ongoing drought conditions,” he said. In the next week or two, parts of the central United States may get pockets of heavy rain, but the question is whether that will be enough to make up for large rain deficits in the High Plains from the past year, Nebraska state climatologist Martha Shulski said. The drought’s flip side is that for the first time in three years, NOAA is projecting zero major spring flooding, with smaller amounts of minor and moderate flooding. About 82 million people will be at risk for flooding this spring, mostly minor with no property damage. That’s down from 128 million people last year. Flooding tends to be a short-term expensive localized problem while drought and wildfire hit larger areas and are longer lasting, NOAA climatologist Karin Gleason. Since 1980, NOAA has tracked weather disasters that caused at least $1 billion in damage. The 28 droughts have caused nearly $259 billion in damage, while the 33 floods have cost about $151 billion.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/healthy-equity-course-to-focus-on-lgbtq-issues/</link>
        <title>Healthy Equity course to focus on LGBTQ+ issues</title>
        <description>This learning experience approaches the issue of LGBTQ+ health from multiple perspectives. It will provide information and an opportunity for personal reflection, and it will end with an introduction to action steps public health and health care provides can take...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2021 17:58:31 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[A six-week online Health Equity course focused on LGBTQ+ issues will take place from March 31 to May 19. This learning experience approaches the issue of LGBTQ+ health from multiple perspectives. It will provide information and an opportunity for personal reflection, and it will end with an introduction to action steps public health and health care provides can take to improve health outcomes for LGBTQ+ people. To register, visit www.registrations.publichealthpractice.org/Training/Detail/610. This learning experience approaches the issue of LGBTQ+ health from multiple perspectives. It will provide information and an opportunity for personal reflection, and it will end with an introduction to action steps public health and health care provides can take to improve health outcomes for LGBTQ+ people. To register, visit www.registrations.publichealthpractice.org/Training/Detail/610.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/goco-awards-86200-grant-to-la-plata-open-space-conservancy/</link>
        <title>GOCO awards $86,200 grant to La Plata Open Space Conservancy</title>
        <description>This project will involve engaging the conservancy’s partners, local youths and other community members. The conservancy will host information sessions for land-oriented professionals, and outreach will also help local landowners understand the benefits of conservation easements. The conservancy will offer...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2021 17:55:13 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Great Outdoors Colorado awarded an $86,200 grant to La Plata Open Space Conservancy to launch a conservation, stewardship and community engagement initiative. This project will involve engaging the conservancy’s partners, local youths and other community members. The conservancy will host information sessions for land-oriented professionals, and outreach will also help local landowners understand the benefits of conservation easements. The conservancy will offer workshops for new owners of conserved properties to share information about land management and conservation practices. Staff members will also host one-on-one sessions with landowners to provide personalized education and guidance. To assist with outreach efforts, the conservancy will hire paid interns from Fort Lewis College. The conservancy will launch a community connections program, working with San Juan Mountains Association and Compañeros to offer field trips, visits to conserved properties, after-school programs and environmental education opportunities. For more information, visit www. GOCO.org.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/colorado-state-forest-service-offers-tree-pruning-tips/</link>
        <title>Colorado State Forest Service offers tree pruning tips</title>
        <description>Trees are still dormant at this time of year and, unlike in early winter, wound closure will happen sooner if pruning occurs just before the time new growth emerges. Once leaf and flower buds start to expand, pruning should wait...</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2021 17:49:46 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Colorado State Forest Service says late winter or early spring is the best time to prune most trees. Trees are still dormant at this time of year and, unlike in early winter, wound closure will happen sooner if pruning occurs just before the time new growth emerges. Once leaf and flower buds start to expand, pruning should wait until the leaves are fully extended. The Forest Service offers these tree pruning tips: Know the goal before pruning. Don’t remove living branches without reason.Remove any torn, dead or broken branches.For shade trees, develop or maintain one dominant vertical top stem, and don’t cut off the tops of trees.Create adequate spacing of the main branches along the trunk.Always prune just outside the branch collar.Limit pruning of newly planted trees to the removal of dead, damaged or crossing limbs, or those interfering with the main stem, until established.Avoid removing too many branches in any one year.Recycle pruned limbs into mulch.If a job requires running a chainsaw over your head or removing large branches or entire trees, the Forest Service recommends contacting an insured arborist certified by the International Society of Arboriculture. A list of these professionals can be found at www.isa-arbor.com. For more information about tree care, visit csfs.colostate.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/csu-extension-to-offer-produce-safety-training/</link>
        <title>CSU Extension to offer produce safety training</title>
        <description>The course provides a foundation on the Food Safety Modernization Actâ€™s Produce Safety Rule requirements, good agricultural practices, co-management information and details about how to develop a farm food safety plan. Cost is $35. To register, visit bit.ly/3uKjTig. For more...</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 22 Mar 2021 05:03:08 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Colorado State University Extension, Rocky Mountain Farmers Union, Colorado Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association and the Colorado Department of Agriculture will host an online-only Produce Safety Alliance Grower Training Course in two parts, from 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Thursday and Friday. The course provides a foundation on the Food Safety Modernization Actâ€™s Produce Safety Rule requirements, good agricultural practices, co-management information and details about how to develop a farm food safety plan. Cost is $35. To register, visit bit.ly/3uKjTig. For more information about the Produce Safety Rule, visit www.coproducesafety.org. The course provides a foundation on the Food Safety Modernization Actâ€™s Produce Safety Rule requirements, good agricultural practices, co-management information and details about how to develop a farm food safety plan. Cost is $35. To register, visit bit.ly/3uKjTig. For more information about the Produce Safety Rule, visit www.coproducesafety.org.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/u-s-seeks-more-time-to-rewrite-mexican-gray-wolf-management-rules/</link>
        <title>U.S. seeks more time to rewrite Mexican gray wolf management rules</title>
        <description>Once on the verge of extinction, the Mexican gray wolf in has seen its population nearly double over the last five years. U.S. wildlife officials are asking a federal judge for more time to rewrite rules that guide management of...</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 20 Mar 2021 20:18:07 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=4936E7DE-19E2-4A5A-A036-15D9A358BB1B&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Once on the verge of extinction, the Mexican gray wolf in has seen its population nearly double over the last five years. U.S. wildlife officials are asking a federal judge for more time to rewrite rules that guide management of North America’s rarest subspecies of gray wolf.Associated Press file ALBUQUERQUE – U.S. wildlife officials are asking a federal judge for more time to rewrite rules that guide management of North America’s rarest subspecies of gray wolf, saying they will miss a court-ordered deadline to have plans for the Mexican gray wolf formalized by May. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in a recent motion filed in U.S. District Court pointed to population gains that Mexican wolves have made in the last five years but noted that further environmental and economic analysis needs to be done. The agency also cited the need to compile more data and hold public meetings if it is to meet the requirements of federal environmental laws in revamping the rules. Lawyers for the agency also listed the pandemic and limited staff as challenges to meeting the deadline. “The service has fewer staff who are investing most of their time and resources into managing a larger wild population that has nearly doubled since 2014 and trying to reduce livestock conflicts and address illegal killings,” the motion said. “Therefore, the fewer staff are having to spend the majority of their time being responsible for on-the-ground field work, which has not allowed for their substantive participation revising the rule.” Environmentalists are opposed to more delays, saying the agency has had nearly three years to draft a final rule. Bryan Bird with Defenders of Wildlife said he believes the Fish and Wildlife Service wants to get recovery right but a 14-month extension isn’t necessary. “The science is clear. The wolves require a better management approach now, they cannot wait a moment longer,” said Bird, who has stressed over the years that finding a way for wolves to coexist with rural communities in New Mexico and Arizona will be key. He said the approach needs to focus on reducing livestock losses, releasing bonded wolf pairs from captivity and expanding the recovery area to include more northern reaches of the Southwest. But ranchers are worried their concerns are being ignored as the legal maneuvering continues. Livestock deaths spiked in 2018 and 2019 and more than 150 cattle kills were confirmed last year. They said that’s despite changes to grazing rotations, moving cattle to other pastures when wolves are around and using riders on horseback, flagging and firecrackers to scare away the animals. Catron County Commissioner Anita Hand said the county signed a memorandum of understanding with the federal government two years ago to have a seat at the table. “They’re not holding up their end of the bargain,” she said. “They just give us the run around. It’s really hard to be heard.” Just last week, she learned that an injured wolf was near her family’s ranch but federal wildlife managers had not notified her. The animal apparently wandered dozens of miles from its pack and got caught in a trap somewhere along the way. She said it was days before wildlife officers returned to capture the animal so it could be treated. Hand said it would be helpful if the Fish and Wildlife Service was more transparent about the program. She said ranchers have been proactive in moving their cattle once they know there’s a wolf there, but that notification sometimes never comes. “We can keep reaching out to them and reaching out to them and hope that they’ll eventually try to work with us,” she said. “It’s just getting harder and harder to work with them.” Aside from being short-staffed, the agency said in the court filings that it continues to work with ranchers to expand techniques for mitigating conflicts between wolves and livestock. Other options have included food caches to divert wolves and purchasing hay and supplements for livestock.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/endangered-wolf-population-keeps-growing/</link>
        <title>Endangered wolf population keeps growing</title>
        <description>Nearly 200 Mexican gray wolves roam New Mexico, Arizona</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 20 Mar 2021 19:59:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=E37C418D-60E5-4C1F-987E-ABFEA40A56AD&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Nearly 200 Mexican gray wolves roam New Mexico, ArizonaA Mexican gray wolf is seen in 2011 at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in central New Mexico. The results of the latest annual survey show there are at least 186 Mexican gray wolves in the wild in New Mexico and Arizona.Associated Press file ALBUQUERQUE – Once on the verge of extinction, the rarest subspecies of the gray wolf in North America has seen its population nearly double over the last five years, with more gains being reported in 2020, U.S. wildlife managers said earlier this month. The results of the latest annual survey show there are at least 186 Mexican gray wolves in the wild in New Mexico and Arizona. That marks the fifth consecutive year the endangered species has increased its numbers, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Reintroduction of Mexican wolves to the American Southwest began more than two decades ago. The program has pitted environmentalists, rural residents and wildlife managers against one another, prompting many legal challenges over management of the effort. The latest pending case involves a rewrite of the agency’s management plan for the animals. Some details about the survey done over the winter were included in court filings made last week. Environmentalists said they were hopeful about the numbers but that the wolves were still in a precarious position. Bryan Bird, director of the Southwest program for Defenders of Wildlife, said ensuring that wolves and people can coexist will continue to be an essential part of long-term success for the species’ recovery. He said he was hopeful the federal government would make wolf recovery more of a priority, “So, while it is encouraging to see an increase in wolves, limited genetic diversity and high rates of illegal killing continue to slow recovery efforts,” he said. “There is still work to be done to establish a self-sustaining Mexican gray wolf population.” Michael Robinson with the Center for Biological Diversity said more stringent protections are needed for the wolves and more effective releases from captivity into the wild. Meanwhile, ranchers and rural residents who live in the mountainous regions of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico where the wolves roam say livestock deaths because of predation continue to escalate as the population grows. Unlike wolf reintroductions in Yellowstone and the northern United States, wildlife managers in the Southwest are faced with a climate that has encouraged a year-round calving season, meaning conflicts between livestock and wolves are constant rather than just a few months out of the year. Ranchers contend the wolves are becoming more brazen despite efforts to scare them away using range riders on horseback or flagging along fence lines. The wolf recovery team also uses feeding caches to draw wolves away from cattle. According to the latest survey, there were 114 wolves in New Mexico and 72 in Arizona, marking a 14% increase from the previous year. In 2019, the wolf recovery team documented a population increase of nearly 25%. Fish and Wildlife Service Mexican Wolf Recovery Coordinator Brady McGee said about half of the 124 pups that were born in 2020 survived. The average survival of Mexican wolf pups is around 50%. “Pup production and recruitment in the wild population is extremely important to the recovery of this species. We are thrilled to see this number continuing to rise,” he said in a statement. The wolf recovery team also placed 20 captive-born pups into seven wild dens in 2020 as part of a cross-fostering program aimed at boosting the population’s genetic diversity. Officials said seven of the pups have since been captured and collared and those efforts to determine how many survived will continue this year. There also were slightly more packs roaming in 2020 versus the previous year. That includes about 20 breeding pairs that had pups. The recovery team also documented 29 wolf deaths in 2020. Many of those cases remain under investigation, and officials rarely release many details. Wildlife managers track the wolves using radio collars that provide timely information about location and behavior that can help with managing the population. Nearly 100 wolves have been outfitted with collars. Once common throughout the U.S. Southwest and northern Mexico, the Mexican wolf was all but eliminated by the 1970s, prompting the U.S. government to develop a captive breeding program. There are about 350 Mexican wolves in more than 55 zoos and other facilities throughout the United States and Mexico.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/water-guzzlers-quench-wild-animals-thirst/</link>
        <title>Water guzzlers quench wild animals’ thirst</title>
        <description>Forest devices more important than ever as drought grips Southwest Colorado</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 20 Mar 2021 02:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Forest devices more important than ever as drought grips Southwest ColoradoNew water guzzlers being replaced on the San Juan National Forest provide easier access to water for wildlife. The new model has two separate guzzlers side by side that can store up to 1,000 gallons all told.Courtesy of U.S. Forest Service With the Southwest drying up, water guzzlers placed throughout the San Juan Mountains for wildlife are becoming ever more important. Through the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. Forest Service, in partnership with Colorado Parks and Wildlife (then the Division of Wildlife) started to place water guzzlers on the landscape for big game as well as some bird species. “They’re really important,” said Brandy Richardson with the Forest Service in Pagosa Springs. “They provide a valuable source of water for wildlife of all types, especially in areas where water is limited.” Decades ago, these agencies used fiberglass guzzlers, some of which had to be helicoptered into remote areas, while others could be brought in by vehicle and assembled on-site. Essentially, a catchment structure captures snowmelt and rain, and then stores that water in tanks. The water then can be accessed by elk, deer and mountain lions, as well as a wide range of bird species. Throughout the San Juan National Forest, there are nearly 70 water guzzlers placed in select areas, Richardson said. The old, burly fiberglass guzzlers could hold anywhere from 2,000 to 3,000 gallons of water, depending, of course, on how much snowmelt and rain there are in a given year to be stored, she said. But in recent years, the Forest Service has been chipping away at replacing guzzlers throughout the forest with new models that are lighter, more weather resistant and easier to manage.New water guzzlers provide easier access, are more weather resistant and have features that protect wildlife from falling into water tanks.Courtesy of U.S. Forest Service The U.S. Forest Service says these old water guzzlers installed in the 1970s and 1980s are being phased out by newer models.Courtesy of U.S. Forest Service The new model has two separate guzzlers side by side that can store up to 1,000 gallons all told. The updated structures also make it easier for wildlife to access the water, and also more effectively keep smaller animals from falling in. “There’s a ramp they can walk down into and drink, rather than stick their head into a hole like the old style,” Richardson said. Many of the original guzzlers were placed with the assistance of oil and gas companies looking to offset the impacts of their developments. As a result, a good number of guzzlers are found throughout the HD Mountains. But, for the most part, the guzzlers were placed in strategic areas based on habitat. The Forest Service has not installed many watering holes in new locations over the years, and is instead replacing the old models with the new. “(The guzzlers) are scattered all over the forest,” Richardson said. Brad Weinmeister with CPW said the agency has undertaken a couple of water guzzler construction projects over the years. Typically, wildlife officials tend to look for areas with good habitat, forage, forest cover and space – but no water. “(When) the thing that’s limiting is water, something like a guzzler makes sense,” he said. “It makes it more complete (the habitat) for those animals. And by doing that, we get use in areas where maybe we don’t have wildlife.” Several issues have to be considered when installing a guzzler, Weinmeister said. For one, placing a source of water in an area where water is limited is likely to draw a number of animals to one, concentrated area, which raises concern about diseases spreading among different species. And, Weinmeister said it’s fair to assume predators, such as mountain lions, would take advantage of the watering hole, lurking in the shadows for prey, such as elk, deer and desert bighorn sheep. (Nothing prohibits hunters from staking out near water guzzlers, an occurrence public land managers say does happen.)Water guzzlers throughout the forest may help wildlife as a prolonged drought, as well as other factors such as grazing, affect existing water sources.Courtesy of U.S. Forest Service Michael Remke, forest ecologist with Mountain Studies Institute but speaking on his own behalf, said water guzzlers have a complex history in the West. In northern Arizona, for instance, Remke said as Merriam’s elk were killed to extinction, and Rocky Mountain elk were introduced, guzzlers became critical because the larger animal needed more water in an area that lacks surface water. Attempts to reach the Arizona Game and Fish Department were unsuccessful. But Remke said several other external factors have created the need to offer water to wildlife. Livestock such as cattle, Remke said, have altered natural surface springs, and these domestic animals can compete for water with wildlife in water-scarce areas, therefore creating a need for water guzzlers. And, he said, surface water and groundwater use across the western U.S. has depleted many aquifers, which has lowered the base flow of and degraded many natural springs, furthering the need for human-made watering holes. And on top of all this, a prolonged drought struck the Southwest. “So are guzzlers critical? Yes. Are they likely a needed reality given climate change? Yes,” Remke said. “But also I think they are a Band-Aid for some of our compounding issues ... and I think we need to also prioritize spring restoration and protection, more progressive perspectives on range management, and also considerations for the impacts some of our water-use activities have on groundwater and ecosystem services.” Indeed, even while Weinmeister praises the use of water guzzlers, he said the severe and prolonged drought in the region poses an even greater risk to wildlife, namely the loss of vegetation and food sources. “Water (for wildlife) is important, but I think even more important with the drought is the foliage has degraded so much,” he said. “That’s major and widespread.” jromeo@durangoherald.com]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/western-states-chart-diverging-paths-as-water-shortages-in-colorado-river-loom/</link>
        <title>Western states chart diverging paths as water shortages in Colorado River loom</title>
        <description>But not Utah. Republican lawmakers approved an entity that could push for more of Utah’s share of water as seven Western states prepare to negotiate how to sustain a river serving 40 million people. Critics say the legislation, which the...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 19 Mar 2021 21:16:28 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[SALT LAKE CITY – As persistent drought and climate change threaten the Colorado River, several states that rely on the water acknowledge they likely won’t get what they were promised a century ago. But not Utah. Republican lawmakers approved an entity that could push for more of Utah’s share of water as seven Western states prepare to negotiate how to sustain a river serving 40 million people. Critics say the legislation, which the governor still must sign, could strengthen Utah’s effort to complete a billion-dollar pipeline from a dwindling reservoir that’s a key indicator of the river’s health. Other states have had similar entities for decades, but Utah’s timing raised questions about its commitment to conservation and finding a more equitable way of surviving with less. “There’s a massive disconnect all centered around climate change,” said Zach Frankel, executive director of the Utah Rivers Council, which opposed the legislation. “The other six basin states know the Colorado River is dropping, and they know they have to decrease their usage, while Utah is running around in this fantasy.”Lake Powell near Page, Arizona. A plan by Utah could open the door to the state pursuing an expensive pipeline that critics say could further deplete the lake, which is a key indicator of the Colorado River&#x2019;s health.Associated Press file The river supplies Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming and Mexico as well as a $5 billion-a-year agricultural industry. As the states face a dire environmental future and negotiations over a new plan to protect the waterway from drought, it’s forced a shift in thinking. The goal of renegotiating is figuring out how to use less, “not staking out political turf to try to figure out how to use more,” said John Fleck, director of University of New Mexico’s Water Resources Program. “It’s just not clear Utah has a willingness to do that,” he said. The six members of the Colorado River Authority of Utah would oversee the state’s negotiations on the drought plan and other rules that expire in 2026. Opponents worry parts of the legislation would allow the authority to avoid scrutiny by keeping some documents secret and permitting closed meetings. House Speaker Brad Wilson said Utah will pursue conservation, but that alone won’t meet the needs of one of the nation’s fastest-growing states. Utah is entitled to the water under longstanding agreements among the states.The Colorado River flowing south of Page, Arizona. [image:2]The river supplies Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming and Mexico as well as a $5 billion-a-year agricultural industry.Associated Press file “We just need to make sure that as we kind of preserve and protect our interests in the Colorado River, that we have the expertise and the tools we need at our disposal to do that,” Wilson said. The bill comes six months after the other states rebuked Utah’s plan to build an underground pipeline that would transport billions of gallons of water 140 miles from Lake Powell to a region near St. George, Utah, close to the Arizona border. Other states, such as Colorado and Wyoming, also are pursuing projects to shore up their water supply. Utah began pursuing the pipeline 15 years ago to serve the city that’s seen a 23% population jump since 2010, according to census figures, likely driven by a warm climate, red rock landscape and outdoor recreation. The project is under federal review. Water experts worry Utah, which experienced its driest year ever in 2020, is banking on water that might not be available and could further deplete Lake Powell. Utah is one of the so-called upper basin states that get their share of water based on percentages of what’s available but historically haven’t used it all. The lower basin states – Arizona, California and Nevada – get specific amounts that are subject to cuts.Pipes extend into Lake Mead well above the high water mark in 2012 near Boulder City, Nev. A plan by Utah could open the door to the state pursuing an expensive pipeline that critics say could further deplete the lake, which is a key indicator of the Colorado River&#x2019;s health.Associated Press file Utah plans to tap 400,000 acre-feet of water on top of the 1 million acre-feet it typically uses. An acre-foot is enough to serve one to two average households a year. “Using more out of the Colorado River system might be on some piece of paper somewhere as a legal entitlement, but it is not a practical reality in the system that we’ve got today,” said James Eklund, former director of the Upper Colorado River Commission, an interstate agency that helps states administer water rights. With conservation in mind, states have passed laws focused on safeguarding other water supplies. In Arizona, Gov. Doug Ducey recently signed a bill allowing farmers, ranchers and others to file a conservation plan and not lose their full water entitlements. Colorado and New Mexico also have eased up on “use it or lose it” laws. The Arizona law doesn’t affect the Colorado River but could boost water in other streams and rivers for wildlife habitat, recreation or city use. “Everyone in the state needs to take a good, long look at the water that they’re using and how much water they expect to use in the future and how to properly manage that so we can have long-term water security for everybody,” said Kim Mitchell with Western Resource Advocates, which supported the Arizona bill.Glen Canyon Dam near Page, Arizona, holds back Lake Powell. A plan by Utah could open the door to the state pursuing an expensive pipeline that critics say could further deplete the lake, which is a key indicator of the Colorado River&#x2019;s health.Associated Press file Utah isn’t alone in a history of lawsuits, disagreements and posturing to defend its share of water, though much of it recently has come from lower basin states that use most of their water. The Imperial Irrigation District in Southern California, which holds the single largest share of Colorado River water, refused to join the drought plan without federal money to address a briny inland sea that’s become a health hazard as evaporation leaves behind contaminated dust. The Salton Sea also will be a sticking point in renegotiations, the district said. Southern Nevada has built a pipeline near the bottom of Lake Mead to ensure taps will keep flowing to Las Vegas homes and casinos even if the reservoir no longer can deliver water to Arizona, California and Mexico. And Native Americans want to ensure their voices aren’t missing from talks as they say they have been in the past. The 29 tribes in the Colorado River basin collectively hold rights to about 20% of its flow. “The days of tribes standing silently by as the federal government, states and other entities set the terms for managing and distributing water to which our people are entitled and depend upon for survival are over,” Gila River Indian Community Gov. Stephen Roe Lewis said in a statement. Fonseca reported from Flagstaff, Arizona. Sam Metz in Carson City, Nevada, contributed to this story. Metz and Eppolito are corps members for the Associated Press/Report for America Statehouse News Initiative. Report for America is a nonprofit national service program that places journalists in local newsrooms to report on undercovered issues.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/new-mexico-scientists-look-for-life-on-other-planets/</link>
        <title>New Mexico scientists look for life on other planets</title>
        <description>Researchers study Earth’s core to understand worlds light years away</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 14 Mar 2021 12:03:20 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Researchers study Earth’s core to understand worlds light years awayThe Z machine in Albuquerque was recently used for a project that is giving scientists insight into other planets and whether there’s a distant planet somewhere capable of sustaining life.Randy Montoya/Sandia National Laboratories via AP ALBUQUERQUE (AP) – The researchers charged up the Z machine, and in a blink of an eye, its fist-size target plate was moving faster than 30 kilometers per second before exploding into a sample of bridgmanite – an elusive material found in the center of the Earth. The experiment, carried out at Sandia National Laboratories, was part of a project that is giving scientists insight into the bellies of planets hundreds of light years away – insights that may help them answer the age-old question: Is there life beyond Earth? Or at least whether there’s a distant planet somewhere capable of sustaining life as we know it. The groundbreaking research was recently featured in an article in Nature Communications. The article, authored by a team that included several Sandia scientists, delved into experiments on bridgmanite conducted at the labs’ Z Pulsed Power Facility, or Z machine. The focus on the Sandia research comes as the world’s attention is once again fixed on the heavens. Last month, NASA landed a rover on Mars that will spend the next two years drilling in search of any evidence that microscopic life ever lived on Earth’s neighbor. The Sandia study is trying to figure out if a planet could sustain life. One step was to find bridgmanite’s melting point and other traits. By knowing more about bridgmanite, scientists may be able to ascertain what it’s like on the surface of faraway planets, and which ones most closely resemble Earth, said Joshua Townsend, a Sandia physicist who was part of the study. The team made a short list of seven “super-Earth” planets between 21 and 1,500 light years away that could have atmospheres similar to Earth. “These are not planets that you and I are ever going to see. But it’s still important to ask these questions and find answers,” Townsend said. “If we can do this and find out which planets we think are habitable or Earth-like ... that helps us focus our attention on planets that we think may hold life.” The Z machine is a 30-meter-diameter circle, with what look like florescent capillaries snaking across it. Its outer walls can store energy and force it into its center, which produces high temperatures, almost unfathomable amounts of pressure and powerful X-rays. That creates conditions found nowhere else on Earth, allowing researchers to perform what Sandia calls “high energy density science.” From late 2016 to late 2018, Sandia researchers placed pieces of bridgmanite at the center of the machine seven times, and took what the team called “Z shots” at the samples. While one of the most abundant materials on the planet, bridgmanite is next to impossible to find naturally. It’s found in the core of the Earth, and likely deep inside other rocky planets. It can also be found in meteorites, said Sandia scientist Chris Seagle, who proposed studying bridgmanite using the Z machine. By learning more about bridgmanite, such as when it melts and how it responds to intense pressure, scientists can draw conclusions about planets even if they are light years away from Earth. To complete the study, the Sandia team partnered with the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C., where Yingwei Fei, a scientist and co-author of the article, makes bridgmanite in a lab. Using the Z machine, the scientists collected precise measurements on bridgmanite’s characteristics that weren’t previously known. “Through the experiments we did on the Z machine ... we were able to study, with really incredible precision and accuracy, the properties of this material at very high pressure, like you would expect to find inside these big planets,” Seagle said. “And, more importantly, we found when this material melts.” Why is the melting point so important? Of the millions of “super-Earths” throughout the galaxy, Seagle said the only ones that could theoretically sustain life are those with a liquid core. “Whether a planet’s inside is liquid or solid has a really big effect on a lot of other really important properties of a planet, (including) whether it can sustain an atmosphere,” he said. The search for life should focus on planets that likely have a liquid core, Seagle said. “We know from the Earth ... that the liquid motion in the core is what creates a magnetic field,” Seagle said. “If a planet has a magnetic field, that magnetic field protects the planet from solar winds or a nearby star’s stellar wind.” Without that protection, a planet would be stripped of anything needed to sustain life, he said. So if scientists know things like the melting point of bridgmanite, and how it behaves under intense pressure, finding out which planets have those conditions inside them is a matter of physics. “When you know the mass and radius of a planet you can calculate its density,” Seagle said. “If you know the density, and how various materials behave as a function of pressure and temperature, then you can start to build up a model and figure out what these planets are made of.” Townsend said the data from the research project could guide future scientists searching for life beyond Earth. “What’s been missing is an understanding of the interior of the planets. That’s what we’re trying to comment on,” Townsend said. “Here’s the list of planets you care a lot about. Here’s how our results can help you understand better what might be going on on these planets.”]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/different-pathways-to-learning-during-the-pandemic-on-navajo-nation/</link>
        <title>Different pathways to learning during the pandemic on Navajo Nation</title>
        <description>Online, by text or phone, even a staff member driving 30 miles, students turn in work</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 06 Mar 2021 07:33:10 -0700</pubDate>
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        <media:thumbnail url="https://imengine.public.prod.dur.navigacloud.com/?uuid=CCACA924-1EF6-49BE-94B1-C587F8ACA189&#038;function=thumbnail&#038;type=preview&#038;source=false&#038;width=600&#038;height=400" />
        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Online, by text or phone, even a staff member driving 30 miles, students turn in workArt teacher Georgiana Simpson broadcasts class videos from her Bluff, Utah, home to students who have internet. Simpson usually teaches art at Whitehorse High School in Montezuma Creek, Utah, a small Navajo Nation community.Kate Groetzinger/KUER-FM via AP BLUFF, Utah (AP) – Georgiana Simpson is an art teacher at Whitehorse High School in Montezuma Creek, Utah, a small community on the Navajo Nation. But since March 2020, she’s been working from her home 20 minutes away in Bluff. She set up a makeshift studio there full of art supplies in colorful drawers, and she hung posters on the wall behind her standing desk. That’s where she broadcasts video lessons for her students. On a recent Monday morning, she introduced an art assignment related to evolution. “I want you to imagine a bird-like animal, and it cannot fly, the food it needs is found in tall trees. What adaptations does that animal need to survive?” she asked her students. She showed them an example of an animal she drew. It had a chicken head and a long, scaly body, along with bright green with yellow polka dots. And it stood upright on two legs. Then, she asked them to draw their own. “Are you going to draw a local animal, or are you going to create a new animal that’s adapted to droughts or wildfires?” By the end of the lesson the students were excited to start. They posted ideas in the chat box, like a mule deer or a lion with hooves. But only eight of her 18 students were able to get on the call. Mortality because of COVID-19 is about five times higher in San Juan County than in the rest of the state of Utah. That’s mostly because of a high number of deaths on the Navajo Nation. So parents there are not ready to send their children back to school, despite the fact that poor internet access has made at-home schooling on the Navajo Nation difficult. To fix that, the San Juan School District is working on a $4 million project. But until that’s finished, teachers and parents on the reservation have had to find creative ways to help students learn – and their efforts appear to be paying off. Only about 30% of the 289 students at Whitehorse have reliable access to the internet, said Whitehorse Principal Kim Shaefer, because of a combination of poverty and poor infrastructure in the area. So, the school has been delivering paper packets to every student, twice a semester, since March 2020. But Shaefer said the school isn’t allowed to accept the packets back because of safety concerns, so the students have to find a way to submit them. “They’re either texting photos, emailing photos or in those times where they do go to town, then they are uploading their assignments,” she said. In some cases, she said, the students will even call in their assignments by phone. “There’s a fair amount of teachers and paraeducators accepting verbal responses, where they talk through the question, or they write down the answer and then read it to a teacher or paraeducator,” she said. Driving 30 to 40 miles Rowena Littlehat is one of those paraeducators. She’s a school counselor at Whitehorse, and she said her job has always been to help students get their assignments done. But the pandemic has made that harder. “Being in the school, interacting with scholars, it was way easier,” she said. “I would stand in the hallway and greet them and make myself visible to let them know I’m there.” Now, she has to track down her students. She said in some cases, students don’t have any way to connect with her or their teachers because their parents work and they don’t have their own phone. When that happens, Littlehat drives out to their houses, some of which are 30 or 40 miles away on dirt roads. “I honk, and I tell them, ‘How far did you get? Is there anything I can help you with?’” she said. Then she’ll go over the assignment with them through the window of her car and write down all of their answers on her phone. “When I’m done listening to them, I email the whole conversation we had to the teachers. And so they earn a grade that way,” she said. Trying to connect In other cases, parents are trying to find solutions to the internet problem. Cheryl Johns has a son in seventh grade and a daughter in elementary school. The school district gave out wireless hot spots and Chromebooks to all of the students when schools closed last year, but Johns said they didn’t work well enough to stream video. “I felt so helpless because my kids were missing out on live sessions, and I was worried they could fall behind,” she said. To fix it, she and her husband bought them both iPads with wireless internet through Verizon. She said the iPads work well most days. She even set alarms on them to remind her children when they have a class. But there are days when the internet on the iPads doesn’t work, so Johns has to connect her laptop to a hot spot on her phone and let them use it. “Out of a week, maybe once or twice I have to figure a backup,” she said. “It’s always trying to figure out what you can do to get them connected.” Tisheena Phillips has a similar problem. She also has a son at Whitehorse and a son at the elementary school. She said she was able to buy internet service for her home through a local provider, but the connection is spotty. “There are days where the internet won’t cooperate,” she said. “Like yesterday, the internet was really slow and it was hard for them to get on.” When that happens, her children call her at the clinic where she works as a nurse. She said she can go online there and look up their assignments. Then, she either talks them through their work by phone – or helps them when she gets home. “It’s been crazy,” she said. “I work 12-hour shifts. And then it’s late in the evening, and you don’t want to bug the teacher, and you’re like, ‘OK, we’ll figure this out together.’” Students evolving Despite these challenges, Shaefer said about 80% of the students at Whitehorse are on track to be promoted or graduate. That’s just 7% lower than the graduation rate in 2019. She said they had to pare down the curriculum this year because of the internet issues, so they’re not asking students to master the same amount of content. But she said there is a lot of growth this year that’s not captured in grades or graduation rates “Dealing with the pandemic, our teacher and paraeducator teams have become stronger,” she said. “They are able to have honest, frank conversations about what’s needed.” And the students are evolving, too – just like the animals Simpson asked them to draw. Back in her studio, she went over the submissions for the assignment. Johns’ son, who excels in art, drew a lion-like animal with hooves and scales to deflect heat. Another student drew a human saving a koala from a burning tree, based on the wildfires in Australia last year. “You see things like that and it just breaks your heart and endears you at the same time,” Simpson said. “Because they’re just so thoughtful in what they’re trying to say.” She said some students texted her photos of their work and some turned it in online, while others talked it through with her on the phone, or in-person in their driveway from 6 feet away. “We’re seeing our students find these different pathways to their learning,” she said. “You know, that there isn’t just one way to show it. There’s ways to do it visually, as well as with the language that they’re developing.” Twelve of 18 students had turned in the assignment. But Simpson said she’s not worried about the rest because they have her phone number – and they know how to find help if they need it.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/lifestyle/san-juan-basin-archaeological-society-meeting-to-address-preservation-in-the-east/</link>
        <title>San Juan Basin Archaeological Society meeting to address preservation in the East</title>
        <description>After a brief business meeting, Kelley Berliner will present a talk, “The Archaeological Conservancy’s Preservation Efforts in the East: From the Paleolithic through 19th-Century Industrial Sites.” Berliner served as the The Archaeological Conservancy’s eastern field representative for six years before...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 05 Mar 2021 09:18:08 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[San Juan Basin Archaeological Society will host a presentation at 6:30 p.m. Wednesday via Zoom. After a brief business meeting, Kelley Berliner will present a talk, “The Archaeological Conservancy’s Preservation Efforts in the East: From the Paleolithic through 19th-Century Industrial Sites.” Berliner served as the The Archaeological Conservancy’s eastern field representative for six years before taking on the role of eastern regional director. She holds a bachelor’s degree in anthropology from the University of Toronto and a master’s degree in historical archaeology from the College of William and Mary. Before joining the conservancy, she worked as a cultural resource management archaeologist and was involved with the Port Tobacco and Fort St. Joseph archaeology projects. Her interests include public archaeology, community engagement, preservation and archaeology of the northeastern United States and Canada. The talk will be recorded for people who cannot attend live. For login information, visit www.sjbas.org.]]></content:encoded>
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