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    <title>What&apos;s up in Durango Skies</title>
    <category>What&apos;s up in Durango Skies</category>
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    <description>Stay informed with the latest breaking news, local stories, sports, business, weather, and community events from Durango, Southwest Colorado, and the Four Corners region.</description>
    <lastBuildDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2026 10:10:52 -0600</lastBuildDate>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/whats-up-in-durango-skies/space-debris-is-more-common-common-than-you-think/</link>
        <title>Space debris is more common common than you think</title>
        <description>This image taken from video shows a suspected meteor falling through the sky in the greater Pittsburgh, Pa., area on March 17. (Jared Rackley via AP) Greetings stargazers. Last week, a rather large meteor hit the atmosphere over eastern Massachusetts....</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 07:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[This image taken from video shows a suspected meteor falling through the sky in the greater Pittsburgh, Pa., area on March 17. (Jared Rackley via AP)Greetings stargazers.Last week, a rather large meteor hit the atmosphere over eastern Massachusetts. It was seen during the daylight by many people and heard by many more. This event was not unusual. It is estimated that hundreds of such objects hit the United States every year. Most of them do not make the news because they don’t hit over populated areas.These types of 3- to 5-foot diameter space rocks are some of the hardest objects to detect before they hit because they are too small to be seen in telescopes. Once they hit the atmosphere, most evidence of their existence is burned up, so getting accurate statistics is a challenge. If anything remains to hit the ground, it is most likely buried and no one was watching to see where.During the Artemis II mission, one of the science activities was to count the visible meteor strikes on the moon while the spacecraft was in the moon’s shadow. In the brief time that the capsule flew by, the bright flashes from six separate impacts were spotted. The Earth is a bigger target and has a greater gravitational field to attract meteors, so it is expected that many more are hitting the Earth all the time.Without accurately knowing the mass and velocity details, estimates of the energy deposited in the atmosphere are just that – estimates. For the Massachusetts meteor, the estimate I saw was that it was equivalent to 300 tons of TNT. That unique unit of energy is used exclusively for the yield from nuclear weapons. For comparison, the Hiroshima bomb was about 20,000 tons, and the Chelyabinsk meteor that his Russia in 2013 was around 500,000 tons.Useful linksMeteor over MassachusettsAsteroid Impact FrequencyAstronomy picture of the dayAn Astronomer’s forecast for DurangoOld Fort Lewis ObservatoryThis monthThe conjunction of Venus and Jupiter is certainly the most obvious thing in the sky right now. Planetary conjunctions are not particularly rare. Since planets orbit the sun at different speeds, one is always passing another one from our perspective on Earth. This conjunction happens to be between the brightest planets we can see. They have been slowly approaching each other for a while and will still be near each other a while longer. Mercury is a bit harder to see, because it is dimmer and closer to the horizon. On Tuesday, the crescent moon joins the party and will be mid-way between Venus and Mercury.The Big Dipper is at its highest point right after sunset. The pointer stars Dubhe and Merak are slightly west of due north and pointing down and to the right toward Polaris. The handle is pointing almost straight up. You can try to remember that the handle “arcs to Arcturus” as it points toward the bright star Arcturus, which is nearly overhead. If you are just learning the constellations, this is a great one to start with. However, the asterism of the Big Dipper is only one part of the much larger constellation Ursa Major. In addition to the seven stars that make up the dipper, the rest of the stars that represent the bear are much dimmer.Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/whats-up-in-durango-skies/clusters-of-blue-yellow-red-and-orange-stars/</link>
        <title>Clusters of blue, yellow, red and orange stars</title>
        <description>While gazing at stars is fun, gazing at groups of stars is even more fun. The more the merrier. There are two types of star clusters that are popular observation targets with both amateur and professional astronomers. Those are open...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2026 08:00:00 -0600</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings stargazers.While gazing at stars is fun, gazing at groups of stars is even more fun. The more the merrier. There are two types of star clusters that are popular observation targets with both amateur and professional astronomers. Those are open clusters and globular clusters. Stars inside open clusters are some of the youngest stars in the galaxy, while stars in globular clusters are some of the oldest.Stars form when a large cloud of interstellar gas and dust collapses because of internal gravitational attraction. Inside the cloud, the bigger clumps collapse a bit faster, forming the hot blue, short-lived stars that are most easily seen in the night sky. The much more numerous, smaller clumps form the cooler, redder stars. The group of stars that remain after the entire cloud has been consumed or scattered away by radiation pressure is called an open cluster.Stars in a brand-new open cluster show the full range of possible colors and sizes. The age of older clusters can be determined by what stars are missing from the distribution. The bright blue ones burn up their fuel the quickest, so they are the first to disappear. A very old open cluster might only have yellow, orange and red stars remaining.Globular clusters are at the extreme other end of the age spectrum. These clusters formed at the same time as the Milky Way galaxy and are a bit like miniature galaxies themselves, containing hundreds of thousands of stars. However, they no longer have any active star forming regions and so consist of much older stars that are generally less massive than those found in the rest of the galaxy. Many have evolved toward the end of their lifetimes. These old stars include stellar giants and variable stars, and many star remnants, such as white dwarfs.Globular clusters are too distant to make out individual stars without a telescope. Even through a telescope, most of them appear as fuzzy puffballs. Many globulars are visible through binoculars, and a few are even visible to the naked eye under very dark skies.Useful links– Astronomy picture of the day– An Astronomer’s forecast for Durango– Old Fort Lewis ObservatoryThis monthThe winter half of the Milky Way is setting shortly after it gets dark, and the much more obvious summer Milky Way is rising by midnight. All along the Milky Way, hundreds of open clusters can be seen through a small telescope. Scores can be seen with binoculars, and quite a few are visible to the naked eye. The Pleiades is a classic open cluster visible to the unaided eye, but right now it is setting at sunset. The brighter summer Milky Way has even more visible open clusters.The distribution of globular clusters centers around the core of the Milky Way, which can be seen in Sagittarius. This brightest part of the Milky Way is now peeking over the eastern horizon before midnight, but by the end of the month, it will be rising at late twilight.This month I have been working with several Fort Lewis College students to get the observatories on the roof of Sitter Hall and at the Old Fort Lewis tuned up and ready for remote data taking and in-person viewing. The Air Force’s Falcon telescope is scheduled for some upgrades, and we should be able to add that to the list of available research scopes. We also are trying to get a set of telescopes ready for visual use once public outreach star parties can be organized. Until then, look for star parties that typically get scheduled over the summer at Mesa Verde, Chimney Rock and the Durango Nature Center.Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/whats-up-in-durango-skies/how-cepheid-variable-stars-are-used-to-measure-space/</link>
        <title>How Cepheid variable stars are used to measure space</title>
        <description>Occasionally, the calendar aligns so that I get to complain about daylight saving time in this column on the same weekend it goes into effect. I need to take the chance to do that whenever I can. Just to clarify...</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 07 Mar 2026 16:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Greetings stargazers.Occasionally, the calendar aligns so that I get to complain about daylight saving time in this column on the same weekend it goes into effect. I need to take the chance to do that whenever I can. Just to clarify my position, year-round standard time is the only way to go. I also think year-round daylight saving time would be worse than the current system when we get the time warp twice per year.This month’s thanks goes to fellow columnist Dick Grossman for suggesting I discuss Leavitt’s Law, or the period-luminosity relationship found with Cepheid variable stars. These stars play an important role in determining the distance to galaxies outside the Milky Way and thus help us determine the size of the universe.All stars spend most of their lifetimes in a stable equilibrium on what is called the main sequence. However, during the relatively short time they are very young or very old, stars (just like humans) sometimes have problems finding their equilibrium. The instabilities often lead to changes in the luminosity of the star. It could get brighter and dimmer over the course of a few hours, days, weeks or months.The name Cepheid for that class of variable stars comes from the star Delta Cephei in the constellation Cepheus. It was identified as a variable in the late 18th century and other stars with similar changes in brightness were all classified in the same group of very luminous giant stars. We now know the changes in brightness for this type of variable are due to both a change in diameter and a change in temperature. Polaris, the North Star, is one of these variable stars. Its period is about four days, but you would need something more sensitive than your eyes to notice its changing brightness.What Henrietta Leavitt did early in the 20th century was to study a lot of variable stars in the Magellanic Clouds. These “clouds” are relatively nearby dwarf galaxies, companions to the Milky Way. She noticed and plotted a definite relationship between the period and the brightness of the Cepheid variables there. Because they were all in the same dwarf galaxy, they were all very nearly the same distance. This is important because it means you only need to measure the period of the variation in order to determine how much light is coming from the star. At least compared with all the other Cepheid type variable stars. This includes those in the Milky Way and the ones that can be seen in other galaxies, such as M31 in Andromeda.The step to tie the distance to any visible Cepheid to some absolute scale was to find one or more relatively nearby Cepheid and find its distance via parallax. Parallax means using triangulation as the Earth moves around the sun. The relatively nearby star appears to shift positions slightly against more distant stars. Knowing a star’s absolute magnitude, or how bright it appears at a known distance, means you can use its apparent magnitude to get its distance. The dimmer it appears, the farther away it is.Useful linksCepheid Variable StarsHenrietta Swan LeavittPolarisAstronomy picture of the dayAn Astronomer’s forecast for DurangoOld Fort Lewis ObservatoryThis monthSome of you may have enjoyed all the AI generated astronomical impossibilities flooding social media last month. I did not. I saw annular eclipse images showing a corona (not visible during annular eclipses) with very picturesque non-Antarctic locations, and planetary alignment images either showing Mars in the string (it was not) or showing Neptune easily visible next to Jupiter (also not the case). I mostly find such things annoying, as they can raise expectations unrealistically for what one might see, and lead to disappointment and even more skepticism of science in the general public.This month, the planets are still aligned along the ecliptic as they have been since the formation of the solar system Jupiter is the one in the best position to see now.If you have a medium-sized telescope, use it to look at Polaris. You won’t see its variability, but you can see one of its two faint companion stars in an 8-inch telescope.Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/whats-up-in-durango-skies/how-solar-storms-light-up-the-sky/</link>
        <title>How solar storms light up the sky</title>
        <description>This image provided by NASA&apos;s Solar Dynamics Observatory shows a solar flare, right, on May 14, 2024, captured in the extreme ultraviolet light portion of the spectrum colorized in red and yellow. (NASA/SDO via AP)dur-i-syn Greetings stargazers. The current sunspot...</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 17:40:51 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[This image provided by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory shows a solar flare, right, on May 14, 2024, captured in the extreme ultraviolet light portion of the spectrum colorized in red and yellow. (NASA/SDO via AP)dur-i-synGreetings stargazers.The current sunspot cycle maximum continues to amaze. Several times during the past year, the Aurora Borealis has been visible in the Durango sky. It was here again a couple of weeks ago, but I could only see this one with my camera, and it wasn’t dancing around as much as the spectacular events last year.This week there has been a very large sunspot group near the center of the solar disk. This group, that is many times the diameter of Earth, has already emitted several X-class flares, which are the most energetic type. These solar flares are emissions of high energy electromagnetic radiation that can easily interfere with terrestrial communications. The other event that is possible with such an active solar region is the emissions of energetic charged particles. It is these particles from what are called coronal mass ejections that really play havoc with our magnetosphere and put on the auroral light shows.When coronal mass ejections hit the Earth’s magnetic field, the field gets squished. Charged particles that would normally hit the upper atmosphere at very high latitudes end up hitting much farther south than they normally would. The red color seen most in Durango is from oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere being hit and excited. Other colors, mostly seen much farther north, are from other spectral lines of oxygen and nitrogen, the two most common elements in our atmosphere.An interesting aside about our magnetic field deals with which end is north. When undisturbed, the Earth’s magnetic field looks like one produced by a simple bar magnet. Counterintuitively, if you had to label the poles of this Earth magnet, you would need to put a south label in the Arctic and a north label in the Antarctic. This is because the ends of a bar magnet like the one in a compass are defined by which geographic direction they point. The one we define as “north” points toward our north geographic pole. As you are probably aware, opposite magnetic poles attract, and like magnetic poles repel, which means the pole that will attract what we have labeled “north” must be one labeled “south.”Useful linksSpace weatherDifferent Colors f AuroraAstronomy picture of the dayAn Astronomer’s forecast for DurangoOld Fort Lewis ObservatoryThis monthUnfortunately, there is no more snow this month than there was this time in January. I trust I am not alone in being willing to trade several nights of stargazing for some overnight heavy snowfall. Photo memories are showing up for me from February 2019 when the snow was so high in our front yard we couldn’t see over the edge of the driveway. This year all I am seeing is brown – and even some green – grass.During months when the moon is crossing the ecliptic, there is occasionally the chance for both a lunar and a solar eclipse two weeks apart. This is one of those months, but you would need to travel to Antarctica to see the annular (ringlike) solar eclipse Feb. 17. The total lunar eclipse will be on the morning of March 3. It should be visible in the western sky just before sunrise.Jupiter was at opposition last month, so it is in an ideal place to view this month. The four Galilean moons should be visible through most binoculars. Because of all the clear nights, a fun exercise might be to repeat the observations of Galileo by drawing the locations of the moons from one night to the next. There are often noticeable differences in the moons’ locations even between early and late evening observations.Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. He can be reached at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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        <link>https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/whats-up-in-durango-skies/the-legacy-of-orions-belt/</link>
        <title>The legacy of Orion’s belt</title>
        <description>Collectively they have been known, among other things, as the Three Kings, the Three Marys and the String of Pearls.</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 14 Dec 2025 14:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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        <content:encoded><![CDATA[Collectively they have been known, among other things, as the Three Kings, the Three Marys and the String of Pearls.The constellation Orion with major stars labelled. (Creative Commons)ccaGreetings stargazers.Orion’s belt is making its annual return to our early evening sky. From east to west, the belt stars are Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka. These three blue giant stars form one of the most recognizable asterisms in the night sky, as they are almost the same visual magnitude and closely spaced along a straight line.Collectively they have been known, among other things, as the Three Kings, the Three Marys and the String of Pearls. As with many of the stars in the night sky, their modern names are derived from Arabic.All three have been studied extensively, and Alnitak and Mintaka are parts of multiple star systems. Blue giant stars are the hottest and among the most luminous of all stars. They are typically much more massive than our sun, but because they are burning their fuel thousands of times faster, they will be very short-lived. There will likely be a supernova in the group within the next million years or so. These three stars do not appear as bright as the more prominent stars in the constellation Orion – Rigel, to the south, or Betelgeuse, to the north, but that is only because they are much farther away.Such luminous stars have tremendous stellar winds, as the intense radiation is very effective at blowing mass away from the stars’ surface. These stars are losing mass through their stellar winds at rates thousands of times faster than our sun.The belt is conveniently located along the celestial equator, with the star Mintaka being much less than one degree away, so these stars are equally visible in both hemispheres. It has long been used for navigation and has been referenced in literature since ancient times among many cultures. For example, the belt of Orion is mentioned in the book of Job. A more modern reference to the belt was for a cat’s collar in the first “Men in Black” movie.Useful linksOrion’s Belthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%27s_BeltAstronomy picture of the dayhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/An Astronomer’s forecast for Durangohttp://www.cleardarksky.com/c/DrngoCOkey.html?1Old Fort Lewis Observatoryhttp://www.fortlewis.edu/observatoryThis monthThe winter solstice is Dec. 21. Although it has the fewest daylight hours, we have already passed the date of the earliest sunset in Durango, which was at around 4:52 p.m. Monday. The latest sunrise isn’t until Jan. 5. These apparent sunrise and sunset quirks have to do with the Earth’s orbit being elliptical. Perihelion, or the closest approach we make to the sun, is in January and is mostly independent of the tilt of the Earth’s axis. The latest sunrise and earliest sunset times happen every year, but the solstice is the date that gets all the attention.The Geminid Meteor shower lasts for a couple of weeks each December, and its peak was this weekend. The moon is in a waning crescent phase, so it won’t rise until well after midnight, giving a maximally dark sky in the evening for good meteor shower viewing. These meteors appear to radiate from the constellation Gemini, thus their name. Gemini is the constellation just to the north of Orion. Or, when they are both coming over the horizon in the early evening, Gemini will be just to the left of Orion.Also prominent in Gemini this month is Jupiter. Saturn is the other prominent planet in the evening sky. In early evening it will be due south and then set in the west around midnight.If you go outside for some extended meteor shower watching, remember to dress warmly. A hint I have given previously is to take a piece of Styrofoam to put your feet on so the cold from the ground doesn’t make your feet too cold too quickly. And if you are going to sit, you should also sit on something insulating for the same reason.Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. He can be reached at hakes_c@fortlewis.edu.]]></content:encoded>
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