Almost every mammal species has its own parvovirus. Fortunately, each virus is specific for the species it infects. Therefore, if a dog in the family has a parvovirus infection, the human family is safe. Virus is shed in gigantic numbers by infected animals and can easily live in most environments unless regular disinfection occurs. All puppies/dogs have the potential to be exposed and infected.
So why do certain animals get the infection? The most important factors seem to be the experience that the dog’s immune system has had with the virus and the number of viral particles they are exposed to. Because the virus can be present in every environment, most dogs have been exposed, leading to their immune system becoming “experienced,” leading to the generation of antibodies. Vaccination can also generate antibodies without requiring infection or actual exposure to the virus.
Puppies are more at risk because their immune system has had less “experience” with the virus, making them more susceptible. Puppies are unable to make their own antibodies to respond to infections, so they would be unprotected if not for the presence of their mother. Within the first two days of the puppy’s life, the mother secretes a special type of milk (colostrum), which contains the antibodies that the mother has circulating in her body. These protective antibodies are transferred directly into their bodies when the puppies suckle but wear off around 4 months of age. This is why it is recommended to keep your puppy away from public outdoor areas until their vaccination series is completed around 4 months of age.
The virus can enter a puppy’s body through the mouth as it eats food or licks its mouth. There is a 3-7 day period before the puppy becomes obviously ill. The virus affects many parts of the body but mostly damages the gastrointestinal tract causing vomiting and diarrhea. These symptoms lead to extreme fluid loss and dehydration, and the body may absorb toxins and unwanted bacteria through the damaged GI tract. These issues require immediate medical attention.
In conclusion, the following are the best ways to protect your dog from a potentially fatal parvovirus infection:
Make sure any intact female is well vaccinated. Make sure puppies under 16 weeks of age are vaccinated according to your veterinarian’s guidelines and are kept away from public outdoor areas. If you think your pet may have a parvovirus infection, get him or her to your veterinarian as soon as possible.
