Twenty weeks pregnant with her third child and in danger of a premature delivery, Adora Loftis bends forward slightly and laughs with the Denver Health lab technician who clips a snippet of hair from the back of her neck.
Loftis is participating in a study that might offer some clue about her health and the elevated risk she faces with her pregnancy.
Complications in birth, including low birth weight and preterm – or early delivery – are the leading causes of infant mortality.
The infant mortality rate is an important indicator of the health of any community or nation. The rate, which tracks the number of infant deaths during the first year of life per 1,000 live births, is closely monitored worldwide by organizations including the World Bank and the Central Intelligence Agency.
Colorado has the fifth lowest infant mortality rate in the United States at approximately five deaths per 1,000 births, according to data from the Department of Public Health and Environment.
But within that ranking is one of the nation’s most glaring racial disparities.
Colorado’s black infants die three times more often than the state’s white infants. For every 1,000 black babies born, 12 die. For every 1,000 white babies born, four die. The risk that Latino infants face has increased over time relative to whites. Now, they are 70 percent more likely to die than white infants.
“Black babies die at three times the rate as our counterparts, and that’s something that nobody in this community wants to talk about,” said Demetra Seriki, a certified professional midwife in Colorado Springs. “It’s like our little black secret.”
The Denver Health research measures a hormone called cortisol in the hair of pregnant women to evaluate how high levels of stress contribute to an increased risk of premature birth. Cortisol, released by the adrenal glands, is known as the “fight or flight” hormone. Long-term exposure to heightened levels of cortisol can be toxic, and it has been linked to numerous health problems, including heart disease and diabetes. In pregnant women, it has been shown to increase the risk of an early delivery.
Dr. Camille Hoffman, the lead researcher, believes her findings will help explain why dramatic racial and ethnic disparities exist in preterm birth and infant deaths.
“Our assumption is that African American moms have higher levels of stress, and that may be part of the relationship with preterm birth in that population,” Hoffman said.
The black infant mortality rate in Colorado is higher than the rates for about 100 foreign countries, including places like China and Mexico, according to World Bank data.
“Despite the fact that we have some of the best health care in the world, we have one of the worst infant mortality rates in the world of industrialized Western nations,” said Dr. Lauren Smith, executive project director of the Collaborative Improvement and Innovation Network to Reduce Infant Mortality, a division of the National Institute for Children’s Health Quality.
The inequity in the infant mortality rate between blacks and other races and ethnicities has been observed for decades. While infant mortality has declined for all races, the loss of black babies has remained consistently higher.
“What I want for our country is to not tolerate the fact that our children have different rates of survival to their first birthday based on their race and ethnicity,” Smith said.
Normally better social standing leads to better health. But even as black mothers move up in society with higher levels of income and education, their children continue to die at the same rate.
“Unlike other health disparities, (black) infant mortality is not explained by income level or education,” said Kellie Teter, Denver Health maternal child health program manager.
For example, black families earning $50,000 to $75,000 annually have an infant mortality rate as high as a black family making less than $15,000.
In Colorado, a middle-income black family faces an infant mortality rate twice as high as a white family below the poverty line, and more than four times higher than a white family at the same income level.
“That is absolutely consistent with national data as well,” said Dr. Susan Hwang, neonatologist at Children’s Hospital Colorado.
The same is true when comparing mothers’ education.
“We know for example, that a black woman who’s been to college could have the same likelihood of having a bad outcome in her pregnancy as a white woman who hasn’t finished high school,” Smith said. “The benefits that accrue to education and increased income aren’t felt equally by all groups in our country.”
Similarly, a recent study at Michigan State University sought to determine whether other socio-economic factors, including marital status and age, could explain the racial disparity in infant mortality.
The results: Those factors did not explain the inequity.
Which is why researchers around the nation are looking for another answer. And Dr. Hoffman’s study in Denver is revealing some remarkable results.
“African American moms have higher stress hormone levels in both hair and in blood and saliva than white and Hispanic moms,” Hoffman said.
The cortisol study does not tell us where the stress comes from, only that black mothers experience more of it, and that it is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Yet prominent research in the field of infant and maternal health suggests that racism and social isolation could be to blame for increased cortisol in black mothers.
Loftis, a patient in the cortisol study, said that she feels stress from her financial situation, but also because of her race.
“We can’t even go into an interview with our hair nappy. Seriously, who is going to hire me? Being behind the desk of somebody’s business? I’m not good enough.”
Loftis’ due date is March 23. She’s expecting a baby boy. She said she’s happy that she’s stayed pregnant this long. Her daughter was born three months early and faced a precarious survival.
Loftis and her children, DJ and Darla, now ages 6 and 5, live in transitional housing in Denver. She doesn’t own a car, so she rides the bus from her temporary apartment to her prenatal care appointments, often traveling about an hour or more each way.
“And I’d ride it to work when I was working, too,” Loftis said. She worked for a construction company until she was 20 weeks pregnant, then was laid off. She says her pregnancy is a barrier to physical labor, which adds to her stress.
“I have to be strong, I have to be a role model for my kids, and anyone else looking up to me.”
Colorado is one of more than 40 states involved in the COIIN effort, and it focuses on many areas to reduce infant mortality, including safe sleep, decreasing exposure to cigarette smoking and addressing the real impacts of racism.
Denver Health maternal child health program manager Teter said the disparity comes down to a question of public health morality. “Really, everyone deserves a first birthday.”
This story is part of Rocky Mountain PBS’ ongoing project coverage, Race in Colorado. To learn more, visit http://race.rmpbs.org/home/.
